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International Journal of Bioprinting Biomaterials with antibacterial agents

and appearance, is considered an ideally healed wound. growth hormones, and even live cells in a regulated area
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Hemostasis, inflammation, proliferative, and remodeling to construct intricate tissue architectures that resemble
are the four basic phases of the wound healing process real tissues or organs. 19–21 Given the growing amount of
that usually occur simultaneously. Vasoconstriction of the fundamental research papers on the use of biomaterials in
artery wall occurs early in the hemostatic process following the treatment of chronic wounds, a systematic summary of
an injury. Primary and secondary hemostasis occur at the biomaterial functionalization is anticipated. Therefore, this
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same time when fibrin mesh and platelet plug combine paper reviews the functional biomaterials for both natural
to create a thrombus, which halts bleeding and preserves and synthetic polymers, the antibacterial component
homeostasis concurrently. After that, the inflammatory engaged in these activities via 3D bioprinting technology,
phase of wound healing starts soon after hemostasis is and the mechanisms of action for chronic wound healing.
achieved. The primary goals of the inflammatory phase are Recent research on utilizing 3D biomaterials capable of
to contain the damage to a narrow area and remove germs interacting with skin tissues and providing antibacterial
and foreign items from the wound. Following that, the effects is summarized in this review. It further explores the
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process of proliferation begins 3 days following the damage design of biomaterials aimed at promoting wound healing
and lasts for 2 weeks. On the third day after the injury, and preventing infections, with an emphasis on their roles
under the stimulation of transforming growth factor beta in modulating inflammation, promoting angiogenesis, and
(TGF-β) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), enhancing tissue regeneration. This topic helps address a
fibroblasts and myofibroblasts travel to the site of damage, critical healthcare challenge, offer innovative solutions
where they proliferate significantly. Remodeling, the last through the integration of antibacterial compounds and
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step of wound healing, produces a healed wound following 3D bioprinting technology, and improve understanding of
the carefully regulated events of synthesis and degradation. the underlying mechanisms driving wound healing.
This phase is characterized by the apoptosis or removal of
macrophages, isolated endothelial cells, and myofibroblasts 2. Functional biomaterials for treatment of
from the wound, leaving a region rich in collagen and chronic wounds via 3D bioprinting
other ECM proteins. At this point, every process that is
initiated in an earlier phase is turned off. In this context, the Biomaterials are artificial versions of biological tissues
stages of remodeling include neovasculature degradation, that can interact with human body and boast numerous
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granulation tissue reconstruction into scar tissue, and beneficial properties, including wound healing. Figure 2
periodic deposition of new tissue into the ECMs. 13 presents how biomaterials can be used to incorporate
active agents such as antibacterial compounds for wound
The creation of functional biomaterials with antibacterial healing. The primary function of functional biomaterials
ingredients or compounds for skin wound healing in the management of chronic wounds is to promote skin
applications is an intriguing field of study. By fostering a healing by modifying the wound’s microenvironment.
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healing environment and warding off bacterial infections, Biomaterials are typically utilized to repair wounds by
these products seek to accelerate the healing process of either directly promoting regeneration or indirectly
wounds. 14,15 Furthermore, biomaterials have drawn a lot of changing the environment surrounding a wound. A vast
attention for their possible use in treating chronic wounds variety of biomaterials for chronic skin wound healing, both
because of the shortcomings of conventional treatments. natural and synthetic, are available. The physicochemical
However, traditional wound dressings that consist of requirements of biomaterials should be considered for their
materials like gauze, plaster, and cotton can offer affordable usage in human organs or skin, including biocompatibility,
but limited protection. A major issue that hinders the resemblance, mechanical strength, degradation, and
healing process is the degradation of both acute and chronic the ability to interact with cells. The features of variety
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wounds when conventional dressings are removed. of functional biomaterials (natural and synthetic), as
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Hence, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting technology, well as their detailed mechanisms of action and effect of
which offers significant benefits in wound healing and mechanisms involved in the healing process, are presented
tissue regeneration, has been integrated with functional in this review.
biomaterials into wound care, customizing treatments
for various chronic wound types. 17,18 The 3D bioprinting The recent years have seen dramatic advances of 3D
is a fast prototype technique that uses computer-aided bioprinting, which makes the printing of dressings, artificial
design and layer-by-layer material deposition to create skin and organs possible, magnifying the potential of this
3D geometric forms. The foundation of 3D bioprinting is technology in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine,
additive manufacturing, which allows precise placement of and the development of new pharmaceutical dosage forms.
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bioinks including biomaterials, antibacterial compounds, Development of therapeutic techniques has advanced due

Volume 10 Issue 4 (2024) 85 doi: 10.36922/ijb.3372