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International Journal of Bioprinting Biomaterials with antibacterial agents

and signaling chemicals. Excessive and uncontrolled attenuate inflammatory responses, enhance angiogenesis,
inflammation promotes tissue damage and slows the and re-epithelialization have been found to accelerate
healing process. The situation-specific immune cell wound healing. 68
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responses are elicited to react to infections and to clean the
wound so as to facilitate healing. However, in the absence 4.2. Tissue regeneration
of infection, wound neutrophils decline within a few days Tissue regeneration begins upon the release of growth
of injury onset. The majority of neutrophils are extruded factors and the macrophage phenotype switch from
from the wound site as they adhere to the fibrin scab; M1 to M2 after the bacteria and damaged tissues are
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meanwhile, the rest of the neutrophils are eliminated by removed from the wound site. During this process,
natural clearance processes such macrophage efferocytosis, a granular appearance of the area around the wound
phagocytosis, necrosis, and apoptosis. Alternatively, they can be seen as a result of migration and proliferation of
may depart from the inflammatory tissue and return to the fibroblasts. In chronic wounds, after the lesion takes place,
bloodstream via reverse transendothelial migration. the regenerated tissue replaces the lost and damaged
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tissue by developing and expanding the dermis, as well
A functional biomaterial with a strong anti- as cytotyping and proliferating cells. Essentially, the
inflammatory action is necessary for the restoration cellular and fibrillar elements continuously integrate into
of damaged skin. To do this, inflammatory response is an amorphous matrix. For example, fibroblasts as one
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required to keep tissues in the state of homeostasis. One of the cellular components are essential in the synthesis
of main characteristics of hydrogels is their high-water of ECM that generates collagen, elastin, and other ECM
absorption capacity; certain hydrogels can control cell components required for tissue structure and strength,
phenotype, activation, and recruitment, a characteristic while endothelial cells are used to construct the inner lining
that is critical to the ongoing inflammatory milieu of of blood vessels, which are vital to angiogenesis during
chronic wounds. A study from Liu et al. reported the tissue repair. The tissue regeneration process entails three
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generation of a composite hydrogel specifically using key stages: (1) cell recruitment and proliferation, during
synthesized alginate microspheres (Ms) loaded with basic which differentiation and proliferation of progenitor cells
fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and the insertion of these or stem cells take place; (2) cell differentiation, as a crucial
microspheres into carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS)- step to ensure the close resemblance of newly formed tissue
poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA). The bFGF/Ms-CMCS-PVA to the original tissue; and (3) cell population modulation,
composite hydrogel, which has been demonstrated through which involves function switching of macrophages from
experimentation, successfully treated full-thickness skin being inflammatory to healing-oriented. Throughout this
burns on rats’ backs by inhibiting inflammation and time, the newly produced tissue gradually turns more
influencing inflammatory factors. Based on the results, the malleable and durable. The elasticity and tear-resistance
bFGF/Ms-CMCS-PVA composite hydrogel holds immense properties of the skin are both enhanced by increased
promise for rapid healing of burn victims’ injured skin collagen production. 70
by improving structural and functional characteristics.
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Additionally, Gull et al. created a hydrogel with chitosan In addition to the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial
and poly (vinylidene beryllophthalide) as base polymers properties that are central to the wound healing function
crosslinked with epichlorohydrin for the targeted release of therapeutic scaffolds, the ability to enhance cellular
of diclofenac sodium with anti-inflammatory properties. proliferation, specifically the proliferation of fibroblasts,
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Currently, there are not many effective therapeutic is another crucial feature of the scaffolds. Functional
alternatives available. A promising platform for enabling biomaterials are vital for tissue repair by virtue of their cell-
diverse biofunctions to support diabetic wound healing adherence property and the ability to influence biological
is offered by hydrogel, which is a resulting product of processes including proliferation, differentiation,
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adaptable engineering. Multidomain peptide (MDP) is and tissue development. A study by Ghorbani et al.
a promising material for hydrogel synthesis in addition demonstrated the use of natural products, like aloe vera,
to conventional polymers because it permits quick cell because of its ability to moisturize wounds and promote
infiltration and causes a moderate inflammatory response the growth of fibroblasts and the synthesis of collagen. The
that promotes angiogenesis. The impact of MDP hydrogel natural products were incorporated into the collagen and
on full-thickness diabetic wounds has been studied by zein/PCL (zein/poly-ε-caprolactone) matrix, and ZnO
Carrejo et al., who discovered that the MDP hydrogel can nanoparticles were introduced to the matrix to enhance the
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promote wound contraction through granulation tissue antibacterial activity and promote cell adhesion, growth,
and re-epithelialization without the need for extraneous and proliferation. The biomaterial incorporating aloe vera
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growth factors or cells. Functional biomaterials that contains polysaccharides, such as mannose-6-phosphate,

Volume 10 Issue 4 (2024) 94 doi: 10.36922/ijb.3372