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International Journal of Bioprinting Cell viability in printing structured inks

printing was 3.046e+1 Pa (Figure S10B in Supplementary Emphasis was placed on vessels at material phase 2 (Figure
File). Although the averages of these two printing methods S2 in Supplementary File). Consistent with the geometric
are comparable, the maximum shear stress at the nozzle tip parameters in the three-layer vessels, we exclusively
is distinctly different. In vascular-like ink-based printing, considered cases involving identical biomaterial inks
the maximum shear stress was 2.069e+2 Pa, which was with varying cells loaded with corresponding material
significantly lower than the wall shear stress produced in phases. Subsequently, employing the bisection method,
conventional printing of 3.657e+4 Pa. we evaluated the cross-sectional structure of fibers with
the defined ratio at the nozzle outlet, extruded by hepatic
3.3. Advantages of structured ink-based printing for lobule analogue-like inks. Average and maximum pressures
hepatic lobule tissue engineering within nozzle domains for phase 2, along with average
Engineering hepatic lobule tissues for medical applications and maximum shear stress at the wall corresponding to
is an imperative endeavor, given the pivotal role of nozzle domains for phase 2 and material phase interfaces
hepatic lobules in maintaining blood glucose balance and between material phase 1 and phase 2, as well as between
promoting metabolism. The intermediate layer of the phase 2 and phase 3, were determined. These results were
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hepatic lobule contains a diverse network of blood vessels then compared with those obtained from conventional
crucial for sustaining liver function. Conventional E3DP printing processes.
methods commonly utilize multiple nozzles to construct
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structures that mimic hepatic lobules. We explored In the same manner, the method of controlling variables
hepatic lobule analogue-like structures with specific and the bisection method were employed to determine the
′
′
′
size parameters, where the ratio of rtor to r was cross-sectional size parameters of extruded fiber structures
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maintained at 2:2:1 (Figure S1B in Supplementary File). corresponding to the hepatic lobule analogue-like inks.

Figure 7. Examination of fluid average pressure, maximum pressure, average shear stress, and maximum shear stress in vascular-like ink-based printing.
(A) Fluid average and maximum pressure within nozzles using varying values of r . (B) Fluid average and maximum pressure within nozzles using varying
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values of r . (C) Fluid average and maximum shear stress in the wall and varying material phase interfaces using varying values of r . (D) Fluid average and
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2
maximum shear stress in the wall and varying material phase interfaces using varying values of r .
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Volume 10 Issue 4 (2024) 249 doi: 10.36922/ijb.2362