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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D-printed variable stiffness scaffolds

meniscus scaffold to enhance the production of collagen varying the fiber spacing within layers and introducing
type I. Conversely, GelMA/CS/HA is suggested for the inner offsets, scaffolds with different pore sizes and mechanical
region due to its ability to increase its compressive properties properties could be produced. The 3D-printed PCL
faster over time and exploit the interaction of HA and CS framework was infiltrated with hydrogel combinations of
molecules. However, further analysis of in vivo biological GelMA, GelMA/CS/HA, and GelMA/CS/HAMA, and the
responses to these materials is warranted to fully substantiate scaffolds were subsequently freeze-dried. Additionally, the
their effectiveness in meniscus tissue engineering strategies. pre-freeze process of freeze-drying had a significant impact
on the size and distribution of pores within the scaffold,
4. Conclusion with higher pre-freezing temperatures favoring ice crystal

In this study, we successfully fabricated scaffolds from formation and subsequently resulting in significantly larger
PCL fibers using 3D printing technology that mimics the pores. Overall, pre-freezing to −20°C for 2.5 h resulted in
structure of a human meniscus. We demonstrated that by pore sizes of 81–163 µm; pre-freezing to −80°C resulted

Figure 10. Changes in scaffold properties over 21 days in-vitro cell culture (A) Equilibrium modulus, (B) compressive properties, and (C) wet weights of
cell-laden constructs at day 1 (D1) and day 21 (D21). # denotes statistically significant differences between groups. Abbreviations: CS: Chondroitin sulfate;
GelMA: Gelatin methacryloyl; HA: Hyaluronic acid; HAMA: Methacrylated hyaluronic acid.

Volume 10 Issue 4 (2024) 511 doi: 10.36922/ijb.3784