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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bioprinting in otorhinolaryngology

Figure 8. 3D bioprinting for establishing a nasopharyngeal carcinoma model. (A) Micrographs of guiding grating, porous substrate, and the two- and
three-layer platforms (adapted from ref. ). (B) NP460 and NPC43 cells on (i) grating substrate and (ii) two-layer platforms. Yellow lines indicate the
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lamellipodia of NP460 cells, and white arrows indicate the filopodia of NPC43 cells. Red circles represent the pore outline (adapted from ref. ). (C)
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Migration trajectories of NP460 and NPC43 cells on a one-layer platform with a trench width of 50 μm after seeding from 0 to 2 h (adapted with permission
from ref. ).
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delivery, and personalized radiotherapy for malignant involves entry into the skull through the nasal mucosa and
tumors. The nasal septal flap is often used to reconstruct olfactory nerves, avoids liver degradation, bypasses the
cerebrospinal fluid leakage caused by skull base surgery, blood–brain barrier and circulatory system, and reduces
but an accurate nasal flap size can be difficult to estimate the side effects of treatment. It can also be used to treat
during the operation. Kayastha et al. improved the success various diseases of the nervous system. 3D bioprinting can
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rate of surgery by 3D bioprinting a preoperative simulation restore the drug pathway in the nasal cavity by constructing
of the skull base and determining the appropriate nasal a nasal cavity model, and it is widely used to determine the
flap size in the model while reducing nasal discomfort optimal size of drug particles and the feasibility of drug
symptoms after flap removal. delivery. Goyanes et al. created a customized nasal mask
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Intranasal intracranial administration in rhinology to topically administer salicylic acid, an anti-acne drug.
has attracted widespread attention because the procedure To imitate medication release in vitro, a nasal mask was

Volume 10 Issue 4 (2024) 46 doi: 10.36922/ijb.3006