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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bioprinting in otorhinolaryngology

trachea, and nose, and have good biocompatibility to be bioink formulations with specific growth factors and
used in animal experiments for the repair of related tissues. signal transduction and the reconstruction of the complex
Likewise, new nerve and blood vessel structures can also be tracheal tissue. In this context, we are hopeful that 3D
developed with 3D bioprinting, the structural network of bioprinting will be important research aspect in tissue
which is conducive to the growth and repair of new tissues. engineering and precision medicine.
3D bioprinting can also be combined with a variety
of technologies, such as organoids, biosensors, and organ Acknowledgments
chips, to potentially solve various limitations related to None.
3D bioprinting. Organoids hold promise for precision
137
medicine because of their unrestricted developmental Funding
potential and ability to reprogram somatic cells from a This work was supported by the National Natural
specific individual to generate genetically identical and Science Foundation of China (No. 82173341) and the
personalized organoids. 205,206 Through 3D bioprinting, Natural Science Foundation of the Hunan province
head and neck squamous cell carcinoma organoids can (No. 2021JJ40845).
be reconstructed in vitro for related experimental studies.
Compared with traditional 2D manufacturing, 3D Conflict of interest
bioprinting is more suitable for constructing controllable
personalized manufacturing, and the formation of loose The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
blood vessel networks in vitro is more appropriate to the
microenvironment of tumor tissue in vivo. Author contributions
207
Finally, 3D bioprinting has many other applications in Investigation: Yuming Zhang, Qian Yang, Gangcai Zhu
otorhinolaryngology. For example, local drug delivery can Funding acquisition: Gangcai Zhu, Shisheng Li
be improved by 3D bioprinting different shapes of drugs to Methodology: Hua Wan, Lanjie Lei, Shisheng Li, Zian Xiao
adjust different drug release dosages and rates according to Supervision: Hua Wan, Shisheng Li, Lanjie Lei, Ying Zhang
different patients, thereby accurately releasing the drugs for Writing – original draft: Yuming Zhang, Qian Yang, Ying
personalized treatment. 208,209 Hearing aids (e.g., cochlear Zhang, Zian Xiao
implants) can be personalized through 3D bioprinting, Writing – review & editing: Lanjie Lei, Shisheng Li
thereby facilitating a better user experience for patients to
implant or wear. Ethics approval and consent to participate
Although 3D bioprinting offers exciting prospects in Not applicable.
various fields, most 3D-printed products cannot yet be
directly applied to the human body. There are two main Consent for publication
problems with 3D bioprinting at present: (i) technology Not applicable.
and (ii) benefits. 3D bioprinting technologies are still in
the developmental phase. Although in vitro and in vivo Availability of data
experiments have been conducted, there have only been a
few clinical trials, and most indicators used for monitoring Not applicable.
these trials are subjective. Furthermore, bioprinting
multiple layers and different cell types to function as References
organs remain challenging, as observed in the low survival 1. Lott DG, Janus JR. Tissue engineering for
rate of internal cells. Furthermore, the biocompatibility otorhinolaryngology–head and neck surgery. Mayo Clin
and safety of 3D bioprinting need to be confirmed and Proc. 2014;89(12):1722-1733.
validated in further research, and the ethical consideration doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.09.007
of 3D-bioprinted implants has not yet been discussed.
Likewise, 3D bioprinting is expensive and time-consuming 2. McMillan A, McMillan N, Gupta N, Kanotra SP, Salem AK.
3D bioprinting in otolaryngology: a review. Adv Healthc
in most countries, and this further indicates that it may not Mater. 2023;12(19):e2203268.
be suitable for use in clinical diagnosis and treatment. doi: 10.1002/adhm.202203268
3D bioprinting has enormous development potential 3. Sun Y, Wang EH, Yu JT, et al. A novel surgery classification
in the field of otorhinolaryngology. Nonetheless, for endoscopic approaches to middle ear cholesteatoma.
further research and development are warranted for the Curr Med Sci. 2020;40(1):9-17.
advancement of 3D bioprinting, such as personalizing doi: 10.1007/s11596-020-2141-0

Volume 10 Issue 4 (2024) 51 doi: 10.36922/ijb.3006