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New microorganism isolation techniques with emphasis on laser printing
the desorption of microorganisms from mineral speed and accuracy. Due to this fact, it is expected that
particles [68,70,71] . The direct printing techniques are likely this technology will be actively used for the studies
to isolate neighboring microorganisms while they are of microbial diversity of different ecosystems, for
still attached to soil particles (Figure 6). In this case, the the creation of biochips and bioelectronic interfaces,
natural micro-ecological environment and relationships isolation of single cells of microorganisms, and printing
between microorganisms in the process of isolation and of multilayer cell structures and biofilm studies.
screening are maintained. In the case of preserving the
relationships between microorganisms, it is possible to Acknowledgments
cultivate a wider microbial diversity [1,24,68] . Changes in This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and
microbial diversity and activation of bacterial growth Higher Education within the Russian State assignment
may also be caused by laser radiation. In the LEMS FSRC Crystallography and Photonics RAS. BNC
method, even though most of the radiation is absorbed also acknowledges financial support from deutsche
by the metal film, a small part of the radiation reaches forschungsgemeinschaft, the Cluster of Excellence
the gel-containing microbial cells [75] . At the same time, REBIRTH, and biofabrication for NIFE project (Land
it is known that laser radiation can activate the growth Niedersachsen/Volkswagenstiftung).
and metabolism of bacteria [76-78] . Another factor that
can affect the state of microorganisms during laser References
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In addition to the isolation of microorganisms from 3. Head I M, Saunders J R, Pickup R W, 1998, Microbial
complex substrates, it is assumed to use laser printing evolution, diversity, and ecology: A decade of ribosomal
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It is shown that various modifications of laser printing
allow transferring cells of pure microorganism cultures 35(1): 1–21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002489900056.
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used to isolate single microorganism cells [67,68] , which diversity in the deep sea and the underexplored “rare
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relevant tasks of modern biotechnology is the creation 6. Hultman J, Waldrop M P, Mackelprang R, et al., 2015, Multi-
of multilayer structures consisting of microorganisms omics of permafrost, active layer and thermokarst bog soil
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8 International Journal of Bioprinting (2019)–Volume 5, Issue 1