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International Journal of Bioprinting dECM bioink for 3D musculoskeletal tissue reg.

Figure 1. Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) bioinks for musculoskeletal tissue engineering. Abbreviations: DLP, digital light processing; ECM,
extracellular matrix; SLA, stereolithography apparatus.

2.1. Inkjet-based bioprinting 2.2. Extrusion-based bioprinting
Inkjet-based bioprinting is derived from conventional Extrusion-based bioprinting technology is divided into
two-dimensional (2D) inkjet printing technology. 43,44 two types: (i) pneumatic and (ii) mechanical systems. The
In the bioprinting process, the print head, which holds latter can be further categorized into piston or screw types.
bioinks, is controlled using piezoelectric or digital thermal The bioprinting process utilizes a system to continuously
actuation. This control induces the extrusion of droplets of extrude bioink that flows out through a nozzle, forming
varying sizes, which are then deposited onto the platform a filament. Under the control of an automation system,
layer-by-layer, facilitating the assembly of the desired the filament is precisely fabricated into the desired 3D
3D structures. 44–46 Inkjet-based bioprinting offers the structure. 29,50 Extrusion-based technology has an edge
advantages of high throughput capability, high resolution, over inkjet printing as it allows for a broader range of
relatively low reproducibility cost, and relatively high cell biomaterials with different viscosities to be printed. High-
viability (>90%). 46,47 However, inkjet-based bioprinting viscosity materials provide structural support to printed
also has its disadvantages. Thermal inkjet printing can face structures, while low-viscosity materials aid in preserving
issues such as nozzle clogging and inconsistent droplet cell viability and function. However, a potential drawback
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sizes, particularly when using high-viscosity or high- of extrusion-based bioprinting is the exposure of
density bioinks. Conversely, piezoelectric bioprinting can encapsulated cells to greater shear stress during printing,
48
disrupt the structure of cell membranes and biomolecules potentially resulting in poor cell viability and relatively low
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due to the vibration frequency and power level involved. printing resolutions (i.e., 200–1000 μm). 11,20,52

Volume 10 Issue 5 (2024) 70 doi: 10.36922/ijb.3418