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International Journal of Bioprinting dECM bioink for 3D musculoskeletal tissue reg.

Figure 2. Schematic representations of different 3D bioprinting techniques: (A) inkjet-based bioprinting. (B) Extrusion-based bioprinting strategies.
(C) Laser-assisted bioprinting. (D) Stereolithography apparatus (SLA)/digital light processing (DLP)-based bioprinting systems. Abbreviations: digital
micromirror device chip (DMD), UV, ultraviolet. Adapted with permission from Matai et al. 11

2.3. Laser-assisted bioprinting capabilities. Nonetheless, the high cost of developing
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Laser-assisted bioprinting (LAB) uses laser direct writing LAB systems, and the complexity of laser printing control
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or laser-induced forward transfer techniques to print systems limit the widespread application of LAB. 58
biological materials, such as cells, nucleic acids, and
peptides. 55–57 When an incident laser beam is used to 2.4. Stereolithography apparatus/digital light
apply the energy-absorbing layer at the desired position, processing-based bioprinting
it vaporizes the corresponding donor layer below, forming Stereolithography apparatus (SLA)/digital light processing
high-pressure bubbles. Subsequently, these bubbles result (DLP)-based vat-polymerization techniques use the same
in material ejection and droplet deposition onto the layer-by-layer process as traditional 3D bioprinting. The
receiving plate, and the entire process of fabricating the bioprinting process utilizes laser energy to cure bioink
desired 3D structure is regulated by a control system. An by forming covalent bonds between adjacent polymer
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advantage of this process is that the bioink and dispenser chains. The laser scans through each layer in a 2D mode,
do not make direct contact with each other. Hence, generating complex 3D structures without moving the
the cells are not subjected to high shear stress, thereby print head in the x–y direction. This renders it faster than
preventing cellular stress and improving cell viability other nozzle-based bioprinters and is capable of generating
(>95%). In addition, LAB is a cutting-edge technology intricate structures with high resolution. 59,60 In addition,
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that is compatible with various bioinks, accommodating a this technique maintains high cell viability (>85%) by
wide range of viscosities (1–300 mPa/s). Moreover, LAB avoiding shear stress on cells. 59,61 A major disadvantage
features automation, reproducibility, and high-throughput of this approach is the requirement for transparent

Volume 10 Issue 5 (2024) 71 doi: 10.36922/ijb.3418