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International Journal of Bioprinting dECM bioink for 3D musculoskeletal tissue reg.

7.3. Improvement of biological properties and with the anticipation that it will stimulate innovative
vascular regeneration ideas for the refinement and design of dECM bioinks,
To promote the differentiation and regeneration of ultimately enhancing their efficacy in 3D printing
musculoskeletal tissue, it is crucial to optimize the musculoskeletal tissues.
decellularization process of dECM to preserve the active Over the past decade, the field of 3D bioprinting has
ingredients. Additionally, the biological properties of experienced rapid development. The outlook for the future
dECM bioinks can be improved by crosslinking GFs, envisions a greater concentration of scientific efforts on
adding stem cells, and other methods. Insulin GF-1 integrating advanced and high-end technologies, fostering
(IGF-1) and hepatocyte GF (HGF) are commonly multidisciplinary collaboration. This collaborative
employed to stimulate myogenic differentiation, 201,202 approach, coupled with the utilization of dECM bioinks,
with IGF-1 also demonstrating some capacity to promote is anticipated to facilitate the creation of more intricate
chondrogenesis. However, due to the complexity of and finely-tuned artificial musculoskeletal tissues.
203
ECM components and the instability of GFs, it is difficult Furthermore, the evolution of 3D bioprinting is expected
to determine the impact of the addition of GFs on cell to progress from microscale to macroscale applications,
behavior and the specific mechanisms involved. To better meeting clinical requirements and enhancing
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enhance the differentiation potential of musculoskeletal therapeutic outcomes.
tissue, MSCs, known for their high self-renewal and
differentiation capabilities, are often added to dECM Acknowledgments
bioinks. 204–206 Likewise, increasing the concentration of
dECM bioink improves printability but decreases cell None.
activity. Therefore, it is vital to conduct further research Funding
to ensure the preservation of cell activity throughout the
bioink printing process. This work was supported by the National Natural Science
Foundation of China (82302786 and 62306193), the
A poor blood supply restricts essential nutrients and
waste products from entering and leaving cells, inhibiting China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (BX20230245
and 2023M742478), the Sichuan Science and Technology
tissue and organ repair and regeneration. The formation Program (2023YFH0068), the Sichuan Province
and regeneration of blood vessels are particularly Innovative Talent Funding Proiect for Postdoctoral
important for the repair of VML. However, studies have Fellows(BX202203), the Sichuan University Postdoctoral
indicated that the pro-vascularization effect of ECM Interdisciplinary Innovation Fund (JCXK2226), and the
is weak and cannot meet the needs of regeneration. Postdoctor Research Fund of West China Hospital, Sichuan
207
Combining bioink with angiogenic factors can effectively University (2023HXBH012).
promote vascularization. However, building functional
208
vascular networks remains a major challenge for 3D Conflict of interest
printing of musculoskeletal tissues, thereby limiting its
clinical application. The authors declare they have no competing interests.

8. Conclusion Author contributions
Based on recent advancements in preparing dECM Conceptualization: Guosheng Tang, Zongke Zhou,
bioinks and their potential applications in the 3D Zeyu Luo
printing of musculoskeletal tissues, this paper provides Funding acquisition: Guosheng Tang, Zongke Zhou, Zeyu
a comprehensive review of the research progress in Luo, Peilin Li
this field in recent years. The discussion encompasses Investigation: Peilin Li, Xixin Li
the unique capabilities of dECM bioinks in simulating Supervision: Guosheng Tang, Zongke Zhou, Zeyu Luo
natural tissues, modulating cell functions, and promoting Visualization: Peilin Li, Xixin Li
tissue regeneration through 3D printing techniques. Writing - Original Draft: Peilin Li, Xixin Li
Despite the promising features of dECM bioinks, Writing - Review & Editing: Guosheng Tang, Zongke Zhou,
certain challenges persist in their utilization, including Zeyu Luo
inconsistent decellularization standards, inadequate
biological property, and limited vascularization abilities. Ethics approval and consent to participate
This review aims to highlight these current challenges Not applicable.

Volume 10 Issue 5 (2024) 86 doi: 10.36922/ijb.3418