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Zhang, et al.

Reference [15] [12] [31] [35] (Contd...)

Biological outcomes Human chondrocyte printed with the nanocellulose based ink and the cell viability of 86% after 3D culture for 7 days. Increasing gelatin concentration facilitated cell spreading and better maintained HAVIC phenotype. hMSCs survived the printing process and showed high cell viability of 85% living cells after three days of subsequent in vitro culture. The glass particles increased roughness, hydrop

Scaffold characterization methods The optimal ink was selected by the measurement of the filament width from microscopy images of the printed scaffold. The printing accuracy was determined by evaluating the measured area and the design. HA enabled the visualization of the patterns using micro-CT. Scaffold pores size and porosity were accessed from the SEM image and micro-CT generated structure to compare with the theor

Printing process parameters Print speed was at 20 mm/s No specific mentioned Print speed was 2 mm/s and extrusion rate was 0.45 × 10 −3 mm mm −1 The print speed was 3 mm/s
Table 1. The summary of tissue scaffold fabrication using SBE 3D printing

Cross- linking mechanisms CaCl 2 solution bath CaCl 2 solution bath Solvent evaporation

Ink rheology properties Ink shear viscosity was measured at the applied shear rate from 0.01 to 1000s −1 . Oscillation shear testing was performed to define the linear viscoelastic region. Ink shear viscosity was UV light measured at applied shear stress from 1 to 1000 Pa. The elastic modulus of various concentration hydrogels inks was measured. The viscosity of inks with different HA concentration was at the shear rate

Ink materials Alginate, nanocellulose and human chondrocyte mixed in D-mannitol solvent Hyaluronic acid, gelatin and HAVIC mixed in cell culture medium Alginate, gelatin, and hMSCs with different concentration HA mixed in PBS PLA and a bioactive CaP glass dissolved in chloroform

SBE 3D printing types Pneumatic- driven based 3D printing Pneumatic- driven based 3D printing Piston-driven based 3D printing Pneumatic- driven based 3D printing

Printing with cells Printing without cells

International Journal of Bioprinting (2020)–Volume 6, Issue 1 31