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Fibrin-based Bioinks
example, oxygen consumption, and changes in revision support from PS, RS, and EB. PS and
pH level. This approach was previously realized VM coordinated the manuscript preparation. All
using scaffolds, but no study regarding bioinks, authors read and approved the final manuscript.
particularly fibrin-based bioinks, has been
performed. For instance, O’Donnell fabricated Acknowledgments
pH-sensitive cellulose-based scaffolds labeled This work was supported by the Russian Science
through cellulose-binding domain with enhanced Foundation (18-15-00407, general information,
cyan fluorescent protein . Such scaffolds ensured applications, biological properties and their
[98]
the analysis of extracellular acidification combined
with probe-based monitoring of cell oxygenation. tuning) and Russian academic excellence project
Moreover, being “smart,” such bioinks may adapt 5–100 (trends).
to meet cell requirements that include not only Conflicts of interest
matrix re-modeling but also bioactive substance
release. Hence, researchers will have a unique The authors declare that they have no conflicts of
in vitro platform for organ and tissue fabrication. interest.
Compared to the majority of biomaterials, fibrin
can be autologously derived that is a significant References
advantage for further clinical translation of the 1. Antoshin AA, Churbanov SN, Minaev NV, et al., 2019, LIFT-
bioprinted constructs. However, the fibrinogen
concentration in blood is relatively low in bioprinting, is it Worth it? Bioprinting, 15:e00052. DOI:
comparison with the used one for bioink preparation 10.1016/j.bprint.2019.e00052.
(2 mg/ml vs. 20 mg/ml ). Therefore, in recent 2. Jiang T, Munguia-Lopez JG, Flores-Torres S, et al., 2019,
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pure fibrinogen, but blood plasma. Technique for Biological Model Fabrication. Appl Phys Rev,
6:011310. DOI: 10.1063/1.5059393.
4 Conclusions 3. Gudapati H, Dey M, Ozbolat I, 2016, A Comprehensive
Review on Droplet-based Bioprinting: Past, Present
The development of bioprinting has inspired new and Future. Biomaterials, 102:20–42. DOI: 10.1016/j.
applications of fibrin as a bioink. Compared to other biomaterials.2016.06.012.
biomaterials, fibrin can be autologously derived that 4. Unagolla JM, Jayasuriya AC, 2020, Hydrogel-based
facilitates its clinical translation and has significant 3D Bioprinting: A Comprehensive Review on Cell-
intrinsic properties such as induction of wound laden Hydrogels, Bioink Formulations, and Future
healing and angiogenesis that are highly valuable Perspectives. Appl Mater Today, 18:100479. DOI: 10.1016/j.
in tissue engineering. It also provides a possibility apmt.2019.100479.
for fine tuning both mechanical and biological 5. Kurniawan NA, Van Kempen TH, Sonneveld S, et al.,
properties. Fibrin and its blends can be pioneering 2017, Buffers Strongly Modulate Fibrin Self-Assembly into
in the development of smart bionks that provide not Fibrous Networks. Langmuir, 33:6342–52. DOI: 10.1021/
only an adaptable cell-friendly microenvironment acs.langmuir.7b00527.
but also the information on cell functioning. 6. Kurniawan NA, Grimbergen J, Koopman J, et al., 2014, Factor

Authors’ contributions XIII Stiffens Fibrin Clots by Causing Fiber Compaction.
J Thromb Haemost, 12:1687–96. DOI: 10.1111/jth.12705.
AS, VM, and PS outlined the manuscript. 7. Weisel JW, Litvinov RI, 2017, Fibrin Formation, Structure
DO contributed to “Fibrin overview,” YE – and Properties. Subcell Biochem, 82:405–56.
“Mechanical properties,” PB, EB, and NK 8. Kim E, Kim OV, Machlus KR, et al., 2011, Correlation
– “Wound healing,” AS and ASo - “Trends”, between Fibrin Network Structure and Mechanical Properties:
and RS, ML, and MV – “Angiogenesis.” AS An Experimental and Computational Analysis. Soft Matter,
drafted the manuscript with primary editing and 7:4983–92. DOI: 10.1039/c0sm01528h.

36 International Journal of Bioprinting (2020)–Volume 6, Issue 3