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3D printing of anisotropic bone structure
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B
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D
Figure 3. Osteocyte responses to the fluid flow stimulation inside three-dimensional (3D) collagen
substrates. (A) Schematic illustration of 3D culture of primary osteocytes with controlled fluid flow
stimuli. (B) Primary osteocyte-like cells migrated from the bone chips, with formation of mature dendritic
cell processes. (C) Morphological change of osteocytes dendrites in response to the fluid flow direction.
Green; F-actin. The directional distribution of the cell processes is shown below the corresponding
images. (D) Appearance frequency of the cell process directing ± 30° from the vertical direction to
substrate collagen orientation. *: P < 0.05, **: P < 0.01
3.4 Progressed expression of Src on stimulation elongated cell processes in the substrate orientation
with vertical fluid flow (Figure 4A). Gene expression analysis demonstrated
Osteocytes exposed to the vertical flow had significantly increased Src expression in the
increased expression of the Src protein at the sites of vertical flow-stimulated osteocytes (Figure 4B).
112 International Journal of Bioprinting (2020)–Volume 6, Issue 4
