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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D-printed bioelectronic devices

adhesion to the human skin or tissues, which are generally offer great potential for creating devices with target-specific
curved and deformed. In addition to the adhesion between optimized designs. This approach not only enhances the
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the device and human tissues, seamless adhesion between efficiency of the design process but also ensures that the
multiple layers of devices must be considered. Moreover, final devices meet the specific demands of their targeted
high sensitivity and measurement accuracy are critical for environments, leading to improved performance and
achieving high-performance devices. reliability of the biosignals.
Hybrid 3D printing have been widely investigated due 3D printing of bioelectronic devices holds great
to their potential to combine the strengths of different 3D promise for healthcare because it offers personalized,
printing methods. While advancements in individual 3D efficient, and cost-effective solutions. Extensive studies
printing techniques have improved material versatility, on 3D-printable bioelectronic materials and biological
printing resolution, and printing speed, each method still tissue-tailored design fabrication could provide
has distinct advantage and limitations. Hybrid 3D printing unprecedented technologies for personalized healthcare
can foster further advancement by balancing the pros and and therapy. Particularly, the interface between wearable
cons of each printing method. For instance, by adopting or implantable devices and the target tissue surface must
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vat photopolymerization, and DIW could provide both be carefully investigated for stable and reliable integration.
high resolution with material versatility. Therefore, it is Overcoming the current challenges and exploring new
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crucial to not only advance the capabilities of each method frontiers in bioelectronic materials, design optimization,
on its own but also to amalgamate different methods to and biomedical applications will pave the way for the next
utilize their advantages. generation of innovative biomedical devices.
Biocompatible 3D-printable electronic materials have
been extensively explored. Significant contributions have Acknowledgments
been made toward obtaining soft electronic materials None.
with high mechanical flexibility and stretchability. 153,154
Printable soft electronically conductive composites Funding
have been formulated by varying the types and contents
of conductive materials. These composites exhibiting This work was supported by the National Research
customizable conductivity and mechanical properties Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the
have been discovered. Using materials that exhibit Korea government (MSIT) (No. 2022R1C1C1010823,
mechanical properties that match the physiological No. RS-2023-00218543).
properties of the target tissue can enhance the integration
stability with tissues and reduce the mechanical mismatch Conflict of interest
between the device and tissue. Stable integration at the The authors declare they have no competing interests
interfaces of the device tissue and layer of the device
is another critical factor for attaining stable and high Author contributions
performance of the device.
Conceptualization: Minsu Ryoo, Song Ih Ahn
The device structure can also improve the device
performance. The dimensions and sizes should be tailored Visualization: Minsu Ryoo, Daeho Kim
Writing–original draft: Minsu Ryoo, Junseop Noh,
for each specific application. The device’s deformation
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behavior can be designed to match the movement and Daeho Kim
structure of the deformed surface of human tissues. Writing–review & editing: Minsu Ryoo, Daeho Kim, Song
Ih Ahn
Auxetic structures that exhibit negative Poisson’s ratios
and synclastic curvatures during deformation have been Ethics approval and consent to participate
used to enhance the adaptability and sensitivity. 156,157 As
the application sites of bioelectronic devices become Not applicable.
more diverse, the device design should reflect the
structure and movement of the target site. The structural Consent for publication
design significantly influences device functions such as Not applicable.
sensitivity, stability, and deformation behavior, which vary
accordingly. Considering the limitations in building and Availability of data
testing devices with numerous structures, recent advances
in machine-learning-based design optimization would Not applicable.

Volume 10 Issue 6 (2024) 106 doi: 10.36922/ijb.4139