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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bioprinting technology for brain tumor

with clinical responses to several drugs, the surpassing the brain is an inaccessible organ; therefore, clinical data
antitumor effectiveness of GlioML-identified compounds on GBM are lacking. Nevertheless, 3D bioprinting has
in PDTs has clinical potential for GBM treatment. contributed to the development of personalized tumor
models, precision medicine, and immunotherapy. In this
7. Challenges and future perspectives context, 3D-bioprinted cancer models can accelerate the

3D-bioprinted models can reproduce the treatment discovery of therapeutic targets, relieve dependence on
responses of patients, providing environmental information animal tests, and reduce the cost of cancer treatment
that compels pathological cancer progression. In research. Further studies should focus on the proper
154
particular, 3D bioprinting of human-based models can utilization of feasible models and optimization of
capture the in vivo TME better than 2D models and preclinical research platforms.
simplifies the separation of components compared to
animal models. Nevertheless, it remains challenging to Acknowledgments
155
practically mimic the membrane barrier, which limits the The authors created the schematics of all Figures using
reconstruction of the BBB. Consequently, advanced 3D images provided by BioRender (https://biorender.com/).
156
bioprinting technology using revolutionary biomaterials
and bioprinting methods is required to overcome the Funding
unsatisfactory recapitulation of the BBB. Furthermore, the
development of in vitro modeling is ongoing and extends The authors wish to acknowledge Brain Korea 21 (BK21;
beyond 3D conditions. Some of this modeling involves grant number M2022B002600003) and the Ministry of Food
4D printing, which utilizes smart materials, such as shape and Drug Safety in Korea (grant number 22213MFDS421).
memory polymers, alloys, and smart nanocomposites, along
with additional functional processes. Machine learning Conflict of interest
157
applications are also utilized in 3D technology, allowing The authors declare they have no competing interests.
the rapid production and prediction of the resemblance
between the 3D model and the original patient. Machine Author contributions
121
learning and 4D printing provide high-throughput Conceptualization: Ayoung Kim, Kyumin Mo, Hyunho Yoon
processing systems for drug screening of GBM models. Investigation: Ayoung Kim, Kyumin Mo, Soohyun Choe,
Although the present 3D models exhibit limitations in Hyunho Yoon
completely replacing the in vivo requirements and imitating Visualization: Ayoung Kim, Kyumin Mo, Soohyun Choe,
GBM itself, further investigation is in progress to strengthen Hyunho Yoon
the bioprinting system. 158–165 Thus, it is anticipated that
advanced GBM models will unveil unknown mechanisms Writing – original draft: Ayoung Kim, Kyumin Mo,
of disease and benefit anticancer strategies in the future. Soohyun Choe, Hyunho Yoon
Writing – review & editing: Miyoung Shin, Soohyun Choe,
8. Conclusion Hyunho Yoon
3D bioprinting technology has the potential to construct Ethics approval and consent to participate
various functional models for cancer research. It provides
a more realistic and dynamic approach for simulating Not applicable.
GBM characteristics, including the TME, BBB, and
angiogenesis. Several 3D bioprinting applications have Consent for publication
been demonstrated to play a critical role in cell-to- Not applicable.
cell interactions, drug screening, the establishment
of a tumor-on-a-chip, and basic knowledge of GBM. Availability of data
However, the current 3D bioprinting technology remains
challenging. It is difficult to obtain precise and complex None.
tissues using bioprinting. Although some progress has References
been made in arranging cellular and ECM components,
there are several obstacles to accurately mimicking 1. Tang M, Jiang S, Huang X, et al. Integration of 3D bioprinting
a complicated and reliable TME. The convergence of and multi-algorithm machine learning identified glioma
organ-on-a-chip with bioprinting is still at an early stage, susceptibilities and microenvironment characteristics. Cell
and few studies have described the enhancement of such Discov. 2024;10(1):39.
biological models in brain cancer research. Additionally, doi: 10.1038/s41421-024-00650-7

Volume 10 Issue 6 (2024) 166 doi: 10.36922/ijb.4166