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International Journal of Bioprinting Bioprinted plasma biocarriers for MSC delivery

Figure 8. Predicted TGF-β1 network in platelet-rich plasma (PRP)-infused biocarriers. Lines depict molecular relationships, with details provided in the
legend on the right. These lines indicate interactions where molecules bind or act upon one another. All molecular relationships are derived from scientific
data in the IPA® knowledgebase.

430 proteins in the conditioned media obtained from the It is reported that GelMA serves as a scaffold for MSC
biocarrier cultured in vitro for 96 h, and we also applied adhesion and functions, while also acting as a biodegradable
bioinformatics to predict the activation of canonical and immune-compatible vehicle for delivering cytokines
pathways. Similarly, approaches using proteomic studies and GFs. 35,39 These biocarriers enhance the bioactivity
have helped characterize complex molecular matrices, and and therapeutic potential of encapsulated cells, promoting
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the integration of bioinformatics has helped in predicting tissue regeneration and repair across various biomedical
adipose derived mesenchymal stem cell (Ad-MSC) applications. 25,27 Other researchers have demonstrated the
performance in the presence of PRP molecules, resulting in proof-of-concept by implanting GelMA/adipose stromal
enhanced exosome secretion and upregulation of multiple cell (ASC)/PRP into osteochondral defects in the patellar
proteins involved in tissue repair and immune regulation. 10 groove of rabbits’ joints, resulting in higher histological,
macroscopic, and mechanical scores, highlighting the
As previously reported, plasma-infused GelMA is 39
suitable for cell viability, survival, and supporting cell synergistic effects of this combination.
functions. 34–36 We demonstrated that PRP-infused GelMA However, untangling the intricacies of tissue repair,
provides optimal 3D conditions for BMSC proliferation, which involves a myriad of molecules and multicellular
thus less cell density is required for optimal delivery, e.g., cross-talks, demands advanced technologies to identify
cell density is commonly 1 × 10 cells/mL versus 3 × driver molecules, and establish plausible hypotheses. Our
7
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10 cells/mL, thereby reducing the time of 2D expansion proteomic analysis of plasma biomaterials revealed two
6
prior to bioprinting. Other studies have reported the interconnected groups of proteins with significant roles in
advantages of 3D-GelMA for induced pluripotent stem regenerative medicine. Given the higher expression levels
cell (iPSC)-derived MSC proliferation when bioreactors of these molecules in PRP compared to FFP, we chose to
37
are used concurrently. Compared to monolayer cultures, dope the hydrogel with both blood derivatives to explore
3D conditions and biomechanical stimulation can enhance the primary functions of PRP. The first group comprised
MSC functionality. 38 GFs and neurotrophins, while the second, less-studied

Volume 10 Issue 6 (2024) 312 doi: 10.36922/ijb.4426