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International Journal of Bioprinting Bioprinted plasma biocarriers for MSC delivery

Figure 5. Evaluation of angiogenesis by human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) tube formation assay. (A) Images of the network of vessels
(red) formed by HUVECs when grown on a Matrigel bed and exposed to medium conditioned by the three bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem
cell (BMSC)-loaded biocarriers (nude, fresh frozen plasma [FFP]-infused, and platelet-rich plasma [PRP]-infused) cultured under pro-inflammatory
conditions. The junctions between the skeletal branches are illustrated in blue. (B) The graph illustrates the density of junctions (blue dots in [A]) per mm 2
detected in HUVEC vessel networks; * p = 0.042; n = 3.

signaling of various GFs and ECM degradation/remodeling. Figure 8 illustrates the predicted TGF-β1 network with
The results indicated by the upper dendrogram distribute BMSCs in PRP-infused biocarriers.
the samples according to (i) the different types of biocarrier
(nude vs. plasma-infused), and (ii) the inflammatory 4. Discussion
molecule added (IL-1β or TNF-α). Leveraging the complementary aspects of emerging
Notably, the type of inflammatory molecule in the medical technologies suitable for bioink formulation,
microenvironment influences TGF-β signaling. When including MSCs and PRP therapies, is crucial for advancing
IL-1β is present, PRP-infused biocarriers activated bioprinting and addressing health challenges like MSK
20–22
TGF-β signaling, encompassing 51 molecules (Z = 2.308; disorders. In this context, it is crucial to advance bioink
formulations and translational strategies for medical
p = 1.02E-35), with 27 of the 51 proteins exhibiting a applications simultaneously; in particular, extrusion-
measurement direction consistent with TGF-β1 activation. based bioprinters can be easily integrated with minimally
Conversely, TNF-α did not trigger activation of the TGF-β invasive surgical tools, 23–25 allowing for in situ delivery of
signaling pathway. biocarriers tailored to specific medical conditions.

Based on bioinformatic results, we hypothesize that Bioprinting technology was employed in this study to
TGF-β may drive interactions between PRP-infused achieve precise cell and blood-derived material placement
biocarriers and the environment post-transplantation, within the GelMA biocarriers, ensuring consistent
distinguishing them from FFP-infused biocarriers. distribution and reproducibility, which is difficult to obtain

Volume 10 Issue 6 (2024) 309 doi: 10.36922/ijb.4426