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Using Plant Proteins to Develop Composite Scaffolds
A B C D E

Figure 2. Electrohydrodynamic printing (EHDP) monitoring and discharging phenomena. (A) EHDP monitoring interface. (B) Standard
cone. (C) Discharge at initial jet formation. (D) Discharge in fabrication. (E) Huge cone with discharge.

A B C

D E F

Figure 3. Scanning electron microscope images and their corresponding enlarged views of morphology. (A) and (D) poly(ε-caprolactone)
(PCL). (B) and (E) PCL/gliadin-10. (C) and (F) PCL/glaidin-20 scaffolds.

Table 1. Morphological data of printed scaffolds
Scaffolds PCL PCL/zein-10 PCL-zein-20 PCL/gliadin-10 PCL/gliadin-20
Fiber diameter (μm)
Top layer 8.9±1.1 9.0±0.7 9.0±1.1 9.4±0.7 9.1±1.1
Bottom layer 17.4±2.9 18.5±1.0 20.0±2.4 18.1±1.5 17.5v1.7
Thickness (μm) 67.8±7.4 72.4±3.5 77.6±2.4 72.7±2.9 75.2±3.3
Bulk density (kg/ m ) 1100 1118 1137 1130 1162
3 1
Porosity (%) 91.7±0.3 92.1±0.2 91.7±0.5 89.0±0.5 89.6±1.1
1 Bulk density is estimated based on the densities of PCL, zein, and gliadin in the scaffolds.
(2) Tensile properties of the composite scaffolds of 20.0 mm at a speed of 1 mm/min and 10 mm/min for
The scaffolds’ tensile properties were examined using pre-loading and loading conditions.
a universal testing machine (HD-B609B-S, HAIDA, The stress-strain curve of PCL, PCL/gliadin, and
China). The scaffolds were prepared in rectangular shape PCL/zein scaffolds is illustrated in Figure 4 and tensile
(4 × 2 cm) and stretched along the longer side. This test properties of scaffolds are summarized in Table 2. In
was to stretch the scaffolds with an initial gauge length general, PCL scaffold showed a typical amorphous

70 International Journal of Bioprinting (2021)–Volume 7, Issue 1