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4. Conclusions Avenue for Manufacturing Tissues and Organs. Engineering,

This study established a quantitative approach to evaluate a 5:777–94.
sodium alginate’s printability–gelatin composite hydrogel https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2019.03.009.
using linewidth as a criterion. A quantitative thermal 3. He Y, Yang F, Zhao H, et al., 2016, Research on the Printability
model was presented to facilitate precise temperature of Hydrogels in 3D Bioprinting. Sci Rep, 6:29977.
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and dispensing material temperature. A physical model Vivo: Design Principles in Biomaterials and Bioreactors.
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the temperature-sensitive indices, dispensing pressure,
velocity, and linewidth. Subsequently, it was used to guide 5. Campbell J, McGuinness I, Wirz H, et al., 2015, Multimaterial
the accurate printing of lines with a 50-μm linewidth and Multiscale Three-Dimensional Bioprinter. J Nanotechnol
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viability in the gelatin–alginate temperature zone was not 6. Holländer J, Hakala R, Suominen J, et al., 2018, 3D Printed
violated significantly by the printing process. Based on UV Light Cured Polydimethylsiloxane Devices for Drug
the proposed physical model, an open-loop control can Delivery. Int J Pharm, 544:433–42.
be established to improve printability and expand the https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.11.016.
potential application of extrusion-based bioprinting.
7. Kang HW, Lee SJ, Ko IK, et al., 2016, A 3D Bioprinting
Acknowledgments System to Produce Human-Scale Tissue Constructs with

We would like to thank the support by National Structural Integrity. Nat Biotechnol, 34:312–9.
Key Research and Development Program of China https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.3413.
(2018YFA0703000), Key Research and Development 8. Liu W, Zhang YS, Heinrich MA, et al., 2017, Rapid
Projects of Zhejiang Province (Grant No. 2017C01054), Continuous Multimaterial Extrusion Bioprinting. Adv Mater,
National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 29:1604630.
No. 51875518, No.51821093), and the Fundamental 9. McElheny C, Hayes D, Devireddy R, 2017, Design and
Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant Fabrication of a Low-Cost Three-Dimensional Bioprinter.
No. 2019XZZX003-02, 2020QNA4001).
J Med Device, 11:041001.
Conflict of interest https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4037259.

There are no conflicts of interest to declare. 10. Wang L, Xu ME, Luo L, et al., 2018, Iterative Feedback
Bio-Printing-Derived Cell-Laden Hydrogel Scaffolds with
Author contributions Optimal Geometrical Fidelity and Cellular Controllability.

L.Q.: Experimental conception and design, acquisition of Sci Rep, 8:2802.
data, analysis and interpretation of data, paper drafting https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21274-4.
and revising; Z.B.: Experimental conception and 11. Ahn G, Park JH, Kang T, et al., 2010, Effect of Pore
design, paper drafting, and revising; X.Q: Experimental Architecture on Oxygen Diffusion in 3D Scaffolds for Tissue
conception and design; Z.C.X.: Experimental conception Engineering. J Biomech Eng, 132:104506.
and design; L.Y.C.: Experimental conception and 12. Ng WL, Chua CK, Shen YF, 2019, Print Me An Organ! Why
design; Z.H.Z.: Supervise the work, paper drafting and
revising, and final approval of paper; M.L.: Supervise We Are Not There Yet. Prog Polym Sci, 97:101145.
the work, financial support, paper drafting and revising, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101145.
and final approval of paper; Y.H.Y.: Financial support, 13. Nguyen DG, Funk J, Robbins JB, et al., 2016, Bioprinted
administrative support, and final approval of paper; 3D Primary Liver Tissues Allow Assessment of Organ-Level
B.D.P.: Experimental conception and design. Response to Clinical Drug Induced Toxicity In Vitro. PLoS
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