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Alshehri, et al.
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Figure 7. Cell aggregate morphology. (A) Fluorescence confocal microscopy images taken 1, 4, and 7 days after printing (nucleus shown
in blue, F-actin shown in red). Scale bar: 50 μm. (B) Electron microscope images of printed cells with and without GVNPs. Red arrow
indicates NPs and the green arrow indicates the cell.
4. Conclusion 3D bioprinting one step closer to printing large tissues
and organs. Future studies will build on the in vitro proofs
Gas vesicles have many advantages over other of the concept presented in this study to test the effect of
nanostructures that make them excellent materials loading the gas vesicles with gas oxygen concentrations
for applications in medicine. These gas-filled stable that more closely mimic those of different in vivo settings
protein nanostructures are uniquely well suited for and test their efficacy in promoting cell viability in larger
bioengineering. Many previous studies have explored constructs.
GVNPs applications in therapeutics, antigen display, Our research will further advance 3D bioprinting
and vaccine production [36,69,70] . Our study establishes the methods and the development of a gas vesicle expression
use of genetically encoded gas vesicles to promote cell system in mammalian cells. Our findings that gas vesicles
viability within 3D printed constructs, thereby bringing can withstand the stress associated with the bioprinting

International Journal of Bioprinting (2022)–Volume 8, Issue 3 77