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Mancilla-De-la-Cruz, et al.
Table 11. 3D printing technologies for rectal and vaginal dosage form
3D printing API Formulation Effect References
technology
Suppository
Syringe extrusion Lidocaine Kolliphor RH40, Gelucire 48/16, Personalized delivery [91]
Geloil system
Digital light Lidocaine, ibuprofen Suppositories/silastic1 Q-4720 & Sustained release [90]
processing sodium, diclofenac MED-4901 Mold/3DM resin
sodium, ketoprofen
T-shape IUS
Filament extrusion Indomethacin Polycaprolactone (PCL) Controlled release [92]
Indomethacin Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), Controlled release [93]
polycaprolactone (PCL)
Estrogen, progesterone Polycaprolactone (PCL) Extended release [94]
Vaginal Pessaries
Filament extrusion Acyclovir Thermoplastic polyurethanes Controlled release [95]
(TPU)

Table 12. 3D printing technologies for parenteral dosage form
3D printing API Formulation Effect References
technology
Microneedle
Material jetting 5-fluorouracil, Soluplus, sodium fluorescein, methanol, Anticancer agent coated [100]
curcumin, cisplatin ethanol, acetonitrile, acetic acid, metal
phosphoric acid, hydrochloric
Stereolithography Insulin Dental SG resin, xylitol, mannitol, Insulin skin delivery [98]
trehalose
2-photon Gentamicin sulfate Polyethylene glycol diacrylate Antimicrobial loaded [101]
polymerization (PEGDA), polyethylene glycol (PEG)
Digital light Diclofenac sodium 3DM-Cast Splint for trigger finger [99]
processing
Silver, zinc oxide eShell 200, envisiontec GmbH Antimicrobial loaded [102]
coating
Riboflavin Silk fibroin (SF) Safe protein-based [103]
microneedle
Continuous liquid Rhodamine, Polycaprolactone (PCL), polyethylene Varying geometries [104]
interface production fluorescein glycol (PEG), polyacrylic acid (PAA),
trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA)

4.5. Implants remove the implant on completion of delivery, and tends
to use a semi-permeable membrane through which drug
Implantable DDDs (IDDDs) offer numerous advantages molecules diffuse slowly over time. Dissolution-based
over oral and parenteral administration methods, which administration, also known as matrix systems, requires
often require frequent re-administration of one or multiple a single invasive procedure upon administration, and
drug(s). First, the issue of patient compliance can lead to breaks up the polymer chain to release the drug molecules
variations in dosing frequencies, and therefore fluctuations either by surface or bulk erosion .
[2]
in plasma concentrations [10,96] . The administration of Several studies have been conducted on BJ of IDDDs,
IDDDs can either require a single administration, with Wu et al. in 2009 showing the successful printing of a
which can release drugs in two main ways: diffusion or concentric cylinder with alternating isoniazid and rifampicin
dissolution. Diffusion-based administration, also known layers to create a pulsatile release of the two drugs for long-
as membrane systems, requires a secondary procedure to term tuberculosis treatments [105] . Later that year, they printed

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