Page 352 - IJB-9-1

International Journal of Bioprinting High-performance electrospun PVDF/AgNP/Mxene fiber

and MXenes on the mechanical characteristics of the
fibers, as shown in Table S1.

3.3. Piezoelectric characteristics of PVDF/AgNP/MX-
ene composite membrane
Our objective for this study was to achieve a high-voltage
output from PVDF/AgNP/MXene piezoelectric fibers.
Prior to analyzing the piezoelectric properties of the
fibers, we confirmed the piezoelectric effect. The data from
the positive and negative two-pole positive and reverse
electrical measurement devices showed opposing peaks, as
seen in Figure 5.
The electrical tapping tests (Figure 6) confirmed that
the output voltage of the PVDF/AgNP/MXene composite
piezoelectric fiber was significantly higher than that of
pure PVDF as well as PVDF/AgNP and PVDF/MXene
composites. Therefore, doping the PVDF piezoelectric
fiber with AgNP/MXene would increase the voltage.
The piezoelectric property is dominated by the young’s
modulus and piezoelectric coefficient of piezoelectric
materials. Piezoelectric materials would achieve higher
piezoelectric performance with a larger piezoelectric
coefficient and a smaller young’s modulus. The ability of
piezoelectric materials to withstand changes in length
would significantly affect the piezoelectric property .
[98]
In contrast to the substantial study and application
of PVDF piezoelectric films, the present research on
PVDF piezoelectric fibers is limited. In 2010, Pu et al.
reported that the piezoelectric strain coefficient d of
Figure 4. XRD patterns of (A) PVDF/AgNP/MXene composite mem- 33
brane as well as, (B) pure PVDF and PVDF/AgNP/MXene composite PVDF piezoelectric fiber was 57.6 pm/V, while the that
membranes. of commercially available PVDF piezoelectric film was
25 pm/V . In this study, we used a unique technique
[99]
that the quasi AgNPs and MXene worked together to to create piezoelectric PVDF composite films with much
improve the mechanical qualities: tensile strength of higher d values than previously reported values. The
33
PVDF/MXene/AgNP > tensile strength of PVDF/Mxene piezoelectric coefficient (d ) of the PVDF/AgNP/Mxene
33
> tensile strength of PVDF. The maximum tensile stress sample was verified, in which the d value was found to
33
improved from approximately 2.0 to 10.5 MPa in the be 52.23 pC/N. The results are given in Table S2 for a
presence of 5 wt% MXene, as a result of the interactions better comparison. Tapping tests were also conducted to
between the polymer chains and the MXene with AgNPs, evaluate the sensitivity of the fabricated pressure sensor
thereby strengthening the electrospun fibers. Notably, based on the PVDF/AgNP/MXene hybrid fiber film.
incorporating MXene into AgNP/PVDF fibers led to much Figure S1 shows that the output voltage was tested at
greater strain to failure and strength, relative to those of several low frequencies ranging from 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 Hz.
pure PVDF fibers. The toughness was a measure of the Sensors based on PVDF/AgNP/MXene are sensitive to
nanofibers’ stretchability. Indeed, the stress–strain curves variations in the applied frequency. The voltage response
of the PVDF/AgNP/MXene composite fiber revealed of the sensor based on PVDF/AgNP/MXene, as shown
increased toughness. Compared with pure PVDF fibers, in Figure S1, increases with increasing frequency, with
the mechanical properties of PVDF fibers incorporating a maximum voltage sensitivity of 0.31428 V Hz , which
−1
AgNPs and MXene were effectively enhanced. In particular, is larger than the that of PVDF/MXene (0.242 V Hz )
−1
when compared with pure PVDF and PVDF/AgNP and PVDF (0.010 V Hz ) sensors . High stability and
[44]
−1
composit fibers, the tensile strength, young’s modulus, reliability are also necessary for the practical deployment
and toughness of the PVDF/AgNP/MXene fiber film were of flexible force sensors. A cantilever vibration test was
superior, verifying the synergistic impact of PVDF, AgNPs, conducted to assess the operating stability and reliability

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Volume 9 Issue 1 (2023)olume 9 Issue 1 (2023) 344 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v9i1.647