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International Journal of Bioprinting High-performance electrospun PVDF/AgNP/Mxene fiber

Scheme 1. Experiment process for fabricating PVDF/AgNP/MXene composite fibers through NFES: (A) Electrospinning the solution, (B) Testing the
conductivity, (C) NFES, (D) Packing the sensor, (E) Measuring the output voltage, (F) Harvesting energy, and (G) Turning on an LED.

The porous structures and high specific surface areas of (Ti AlC ) using minimally intensive layer delamination
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electrospun PVDF composite fibrous films engender them (MILD) etching. Commercial lithium fluoride (LiF)
as ideal substrates for producing low-cost films [87,88] . powder (2 g) was dissolved in concentrated hydrochloride
In this study, we prepared new types of PVDF/ (HCl; 9 M, 30 mL) and deionized (DI) water (10 mL),
AgNP/MXene composite nanofibers (Scheme 1A–C), and continuously magnetically stirred (300 rpm) at room
characterized them using various techniques (Fourier temperature for 10 mins. Ti AlC powder was added slowly
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transform infrared [FTIR] spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and carefully, and the mixture was continuously stirred
[XRD], scanning electron microscopy [SEM], and (300 rpm) at 35°C for 36 h. The resultant suspension was
piezoelectric measurements), and employed them in self- centrifuged (5 min per cycle) with DI water (3500 rpm),
powered wearable devices (Scheme 1D and E). These and then decanted until the pH of the supernatant neared
composite fiber materials displayed extremely high 6. At the end of the process, the products were washed
conductivity as well as good mechanical and piezoelectric with ethanol and dried overnight under vacuum at 60°C to
capabilities. The integration of AgNP/MXene composites obtain a stable liquid-free delaminated MXene in powdered
into the PVDF matrix developed the electroactive form. The overall process is illustrated in Figure 1A.
β-phase and improved the piezoelectric properties of 2.2. AgNP/Mxene hybrid composites
PVDF. These are potentially advantageous for future self- MXene was dispersed in DMSO. The mixture was
powered flexible and wearable optoelectronic devices. We sonicated for at least 30 min to break up any agglomerates
encapsulated interdigitated electrodes (IDEs), comprising and was then magnetically stirred at 250 rpm for 30 min
copper (Cu), PVDF/AgNP/MXene piezoelectric fibers, on a heater. AgNO (content kept at 10 wt% relative to the
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and flexible poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) substrates, weight of MXene) was introduced into the suspension.
into poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS). These piezoelectric After sonication for another 30 min, the solution appeared
devices were packaged in PDMS to enhance their durability black, and the mixture was stirred magnetically for 30 min.
(Scheme 1F). We achieved a high-voltage output from the
PVDF/AgNP/MXene piezoelectric fibers with the desired 2.3. Conductivity measurements
morphology, thus enabling them to turn on an LED In order to measure the conductivity, a clean CON30
(Scheme 1G). conductivity meter was used.

2. Materials and methods 2.4. Morphological characterization
The surface morphology of the synthesized Ti C
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2.1. Synthesis of MXene MXene was examined under ultrahigh resolution using
MXene (Ti C ) was synthesized by eliminating an transmission electron microscopy (TEM); its selected area
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intermediary element (Al atoms) from the MAX phase electron diffraction (SAED) patterns were also obtained.
V 339 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v9i1.647
Volume 9 Issue 1 (2023)olume 9 Issue 1 (2023)