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International Journal of Bioprinting                                        Progress in bioprinting of bone






                 Zonal structure  ---  ---  Bone 3D architecture   containing osteogenic and   vasculogenic niches  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  ---  (Contd...)







                 Viability  85%    ~60 – 75%  ~50 – 93%  ---  ---  >90%  >90%  ~90%  50 – 87%  84%  >91%  ---  ---  >91%




                 Compressive   modulus  With 8% HAp: 36   kPa;  With 4% HAp: 32   kPa;  Without HAp: 29   kPa.  1.3 – 10.6 kPa  5.7 – 6.5 MPa  0%nSi: 46 kPa;  1%nSi: 58 kPa;  2%nSi: 101 kPa;  3%nSi: 214 kPa  103 kPa  Without HAp: 3.5 –   4.6 kPa; With HAp:   15 – 19 kPa  0% MSNs: 121 kPa  0.4% MSNs: 195 kPa  0.8% MSNs: 233 kPa  ---  54.4 – 57.3 MPa  8.3 – 15.4 MPa   (tensile)  ~30 – 45 MPa  ~55 MPa  Core/shell scaffold:   7 MPa, Alginate   scaffold: 0.3 MPa  Collagen: 0.0






                 Mechanical   reinforcement  HAp  ---  ---  nSi  nSi  HAp particles  MSNs  ---  ---  PCL struts  PCL, PCL/TCP   structures  PCL/HAp frame  TCP strust in the   core  TCP/collagen   struts





                 Pore size   (porosity)  ---  1 mm  ---  ---  ---  100 – 200 μm  ---  ---  65 – 76 μm, (10.8   – 12.4%)  300 – 500 μm  70%  400 μm  1.7 mm  ~500 μm







                 Animal model  ---  ---  ---   SD rats  ---  ---   Male SD rats  Male rats  ---  ---  Rat and athymic mice  Mice  ---  ---







                 Cell source  MSCs  hBMSCs  hMSCs and   HUVECs  rBMSCs  hMCS  MC3T3-E1  BMSCs, RAW264.7   macrophages  DPSCs  MSCs  MC3T3-E1  hAFSCs, rabbit   ear chondrocytes,   Mouse C2C12   myoblasts  SVF derived cells  MC3T3-E1  MC3T3-E1













                 Materials  Alginate, gelatin  MeHA  GelMA, VEGF, silicate   nanoplatelets  nSi, gelatin and alginate  GelMA, kCA, nSi  Chitosan, alginate, HAp  Gelatin, GelMA, PEG, MSNs,   BMP-4  Octapeptide FEFEFKFK, AMP  PLGA, PEG, CMC, Pluoronic   F-127  PCL, alginate  Gel composite (gelatin, fibrinogen,   HA and glycerol), PCL, TCP ,   Pluronic F127  MeHA, GelMA and HA, PCL/Hap  TCP , alginate  TCP , COL-I

             Table 1. (Continued)  Study  Wüst et al. [51]  Poldervaart    et al. [72]  Byambaa    et al. [52]  Liu et al. [123]  Chimene    et al. [124]  Demirtaş    et al. [74]  Sun et al. [125]  Dubey et al. [126]  Sawkins    et al. [127]  Lee et al. [44]  Kang et al. [91]  Kuss et al. [27]  Raja et al. [92]  Kim et al. [84]










            Volume 9 Issue 1 (2023)                         88                      https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v9i1.628
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