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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D Printing Multifunctional Orthopedic Biocoatings

preventing bacterial infection associated with orthopedic CMMI Award #1663128, #2100739, #2100850) and the
implants. The direct-write process enabled the precise Center of Excellence in Product Design and Advanced
control on the thickness of these films to obtain tunable Manufacturing at North Carolina A&T State University.
release of the ACP in vitro. Optical microscopy revealed
that PCL-ACP coatings had uniform deposition patterns, Conflict of interest
whereas the PLGA-ACP coatings displayed precipitation The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
of ACP patches on the Ti substrate. Further SEM analysis The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the
of the nanocomposite structure within the polymeric collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing
coatings revealed a strong binding between the ACP of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.
nanoparticulate and PCL polymer. The FTIR analysis
confirmed the presence of both polymers and ACP phases Author contributions
within the multilayered thin films. The MC3T3 osteoblast
cell line showed high cellular viability (>90%) after 72 h of Conceptualization: Eben Adarkwa, Abhijit Roy, Prashant
proliferation, which was comparable to Ti substrate and N. Kumta, and Salil Desai
TCPS controls. The cell attachment and live/dead assay Formal analysis: Eben Adarkwa, Abhijit Roy, and Salil
confirm the cell viability data. However, PLGA coatings Desai
had poor cellular attachment (dead cells) in certain regions Funding acquisition: Prashant N. Kumta and Salil Desai
of the substrate. These findings correlate well with optical Investigation: Eben Adarkwa, Abhijit Roy, John Ohodnicki,
micrographs for PLGA-ACP coatings, which show regions Boeun Lee, and Salil Desai
of PLGA polymer without ACP phase due to irregular Methodology: Eben Adarkwa, Abhijit Roy, Prashant N.
precipitation. The VA release data revealed that the PCL- Kumta, and Salil Desai
ACP composite films showed slow release compared Supervision: Prashant N. Kumta and Salil Desai
to PCL film alone. This is due to the adsorption of VA Writing – original draft: Eben Adarkwa, Abhijit Roy, and
molecules on the surfaces of nanosized ACP particles. Salil Desai
Moreover, the bioactivity of the released VA was confirmed Writing – review & editing: Eben Adarkwa, Abhijit Roy,
by measuring the zone of inhibition using disk diffusion Prashant N. Kumta and Salil Desai
method. All these results confirmed that the direct-write All authors have read and agreed to the published
printing method can be successfully used to immobilize
drugs on orthopedic implants and can be employed for version of the manuscript.
temporospatial control release of these drugs. This research, Ethics approval and consent to participate
therefore, lays a foundation for incorporating bioactive
agents within the polymeric coating to efficiently regenerate Not applicable.
bone structures that interface with orthopedic implants and
prevent bacterial infection resulting from implantation. Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank the NSF Engineering Research Availability of data
Center for Revolutionizing Metallic Biomaterials (NSF-EEC The data presented in this study are available on request
award 0812348) and NSF-CMMI awards (2100739, 1663128, from the corresponding author.
2100850) for support toward this research. We would also
like to thank the Center of Excellence in Product Design References
and Advanced Manufacturing at North Carolina A&T State 1. Bose S, Robertson SF, Bandyopadhyay A, 2018, Surface
University for its support toward this research. PNK also modification of biomaterials and biomedical devices using
acknowledges the financial support of the Edward R. Weidlein additive manufacturing. Acta Biomater, 66: 6–22.
Endowed Chair Professorship funds and the Center for
Complex Engineered Multifunctional Materials (CCEMM), https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ACTBIO.2017.11.003
Swanson School of Engineering, and the University of 2. Xue P, Li Q, Li Y, et al., 2017, Surface modification of
Pittsburgh for partial support of this research. poly(dimethylsiloxane) with polydopamine and hyaluronic
acid to enhance hemocompatibility for potential applications
Funding in medical implants or devices. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces,
The authors would like to express their gratitude for funding 9: 33632–33644.
support from the National Science Foundation Grant (NSF https://doi.org/10.1021/ACSAMI.7B10260

Volume 9 Issue 2 (2023) 171 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v9i2.661