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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D printing in bone regeneration and bone repair

Figure 8. Mapping of keywords in studies on three-dimensional printing in bone regeneration and bone repair. (A) Network visualization of keywords
by CiteSpace. (B) Distribution of keywords according to average publication year (blue: earlier; yellow: later) by VOSviewer. (C) Keyword timeline
visualization from 2012 to 2022 by CiteSpace.
simultaneous requirements for mechanical and bioactive as a unique cell-carrying platform [49] . This platform
properties to induce successful bone healing can be met. can respond to static magnetic field as needed and
specifically polarize macrophages to the regenerative
4.2.3. Bone regeneration strategies M2 phenotype in the middle/late stages of injury repair,
Regeneration strategies that incorporate integrated thus eventually optimizing immunomodulatory bone
elements are becoming increasingly popular in BTE healing in vivo. In another aspect, investigating the
and are often associated with higher success rates underlying mechanobiology of bone is an important
than individual strategies, such as those that only research direction for enhanced bone healing. Since
focus on biomaterial development or scaffold design. bone formation occurs under a specific mechanical
These multidisciplinary strategies are particularly microenvironment [50] , some studies have attempted to
important for complex bone reconstruction, such as achieve mechanobiological optimization of the healing
defects resulting from various bone diseases, including environment. For example, one study has computationally
bone infection and bone tumors, as well as large areas investigated the optimal mechanical properties of a
of bone loss from significant traumatic injuries [47] . biomaterial based on Young’s modulus throughout
Macrophage polarization is now known to play a the bone healing period and successfully identified the
fundamental role in bone healing [48] , and many efforts best mechanical stimulus at each time point during the
have been made to explore related targets in order to healing process [51] . These new approaches that integrate
modulate or accelerate the progress of regeneration. As biomaterial, mechanical, and biological aspects into 3DP
an example, magnetic responsive hydrogels grafted with scaffold systems may be promising for improving bone
superparamagnetic nanoparticles have been developed repair and regeneration.

Volume 9 Issue 4 (2023) 328 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.737