Page 422 - IJB-9-4

International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bioprinting of artificial blood vessel

A B

C

Figure 3. (A) Schematic showing interaction of poly(ethylene glycol)-dithiothreitol (PEGDTT) and nanosilicates before and after cross-linking. The inset
shows printability of PEGDTT/nSi bioink. (B) Schematic of printing process through barrel, needle, and on printing bed. (C) Proposed mechanism of
nanoparticle-induced degradation of PEGDTT . Figure 3 reproduced from ref. [74] with permission from John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (License Number:
[74]
5355130231370).
HA is a kind of low cross-linked hydrogel solution To enhance the differentiation of MSC after
that exhibits non-Newtonian behavior. Cross-linking by bioprinting, a biofunctional peptide having an SH-group
chemical, enzymatic, physical, or photo-cross-linking in the N-terminal has been connected on the acrylated
mechanisms could enhance the mechanical property HA through Michael addition in a two-step reaction .
[94]
of the HA blood vessel. The most common sites for HA This hydrogel had higher viscosity and better mechanical
chemical modification are the carboxyl (−COOH) and integrity after the cells were embedded in it . Besides,
[95]
primary (C6) hydroxyl (−OH) groups on D-glucuronic the traditional 3D bioprinting blood vessel relies on the
acids . Two HA derivative-based bioinks have been sacrificial materials and the layers of support materials.
[86]
reported, namely, HA methacrylate (HAMA) and A novel method, which is based on a self-healing hydrogel
tyramine-modified HA (HA-Tyr) . HAMA could confer made of HA, is suitable for the bioprinting arterial blood
[87]
the photo-cross-linking ability to HA, and ultraviolet (UV) vessel due to its high precision and supramolecular
cross-linking could enhance the long-term structural self-assembly characteristics . Adamantane (Ad)
[96]
stability and provide better shape fidelity [88,89] . About or β-cyclodextrin (β-Cd) was used to modify HA to
3% w/v HAMA could be used as single composition to form Ad-HA and Cd-HA, which can then rapidly form
print tissue containing MSCs. HAMA with 12 kinds of supramolecular assemblies by intermolecular guest –
complementary hydrogels supplemented with 5% gelatin primary bonds . After filling other bioinks using syringe
[97]
has been studied systematically to find a suitable complex needle, this kind of hydrogel will change the shape, and
bioink system. The results in Figure 4A show that the then, the Ad-HA and CD-HA will fix itself to support the
0.5 wt% HAMA could not support the structure, and constructor of the bioinks. For example, the MSCs could
adding 2.5 wt% GelMA confers better properties to the be printed to format the shape of the vessel and then the
[90]
printed bone tissue . The HA-Tyr has better cellular fibroblast 3T3 cell population could be used to print the
biocompatibility as it could cross-link under the green first MSC constructor . To improve the mechanical
[98]
light . After mixed with the nanocellulose, the shear- property and storage modulus of this system, Irgacure 2959
[91]
thinning characteristics and mechanical stability of HA was added to the system for second photo-cross-linking, as
were increased and the cells were bestowed the ability shown in Figure 5 [99,100] .
to differentiate . As shown in Figure 4B, Li et al. used
[92]
the HAMA synthesized with low-molecular-weight HA (B) Collagen
and alginate to produce microvessels, which have better Collagen is one of the key proteins in ECM and is also a core
mechanical strength and enable the free migration of EC biological material for the application of 3D bioprinting of
with outstanding angiogenesis function . artificial blood vessels [101] . Collagen has two α1(I) chains
[93]

Volume 9 Issue 4 (2023) 414 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.740