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International Journal of Bioprinting Functional materials of 3D bioprinting for wound healing

Figure 5. 3D-bioprinted multifunctional wound dressing with antibacterial, conductive, and soft properties. (a) Schematic illustration of the conductive
and flexible electronic patch (ePatch). (b) Schematic diagram of the AgNW-MAA ink composition and the resulting double-crosslinked network of silver
nanowires and MAA, and ePatch applied to the back of a Sprague Dawley rat with the specified parameters. (c) The role of ePatch generation during wound
healing: (i) to promote fibroblast proliferation and migration; (ii) to inactivate various bacteria; (iii) to promote neovascularization; (iv) to reduce immune
cell activity; and (v) to accelerate epithelial regeneration and tissue remodeling. (d) Quantification of LIVE/DEAD staining and cell angle of NIH 3T3 cells
treated with electric field (ePatch w/EF). for 24 h. Yellow arrows indicate that the cells are in a linear arrangement. The orientation of the electrical field is
also shown. (e) Photograph of the wound in a Sprague Dawley rat treated with ePatch. (f) Optical images of wound areas treated with different groups on
days 0, 4, and 7 (Reprinted with permission from Wang C, Jiang X, Kim H-J, et al., 2022, Flexible patch with printable and antibacterial conductive hydrogel
electrodes for accelerated wound healing. Biomaterials, 285:121479 [133] . Copyright © 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd).

the intelligent bandage with antibacterial ability. The mouse fibers (Figure 4m). The results showed that this personalized
skin defect model was used to test the wound healing of the customized wound dressings can significantly promote
intelligent bandages. On the 10th day, hematoxylin and eosin wound healing and have great potential in advancing the
(H&E) staining results showed that the untreated wounds clinical application of precision medicine.
(i) and mismatched wound dressing-treated wounds (ii) Incorporating multifunctional materials into basic
failed to heal completely (black arrow), while intelligent dressings to create a comprehensive microenvironment for
bandages-treated wounds (iii) healed almost completely and wound repair is an ideal solution for personalized wound
showed complete epithelium, whose epithelial thickness care [110] . Wang et al. [133] reported a 3D-printed conductive
was significantly greater than that of the other two groups hydrogel-based flexible electrical patch (ePatch) for wound
(red dotted lines) (Figure 4l) [132] . In addition, the Masson’s healing. The conductive silver nanowires (AgNW) used in
trichrome (MTC) staining results showed that compared the patch endow the ePatch with excellent antibacterial
with the other two groups of loose and irregularly arranged ability. Furthermore, the patch could utilize a double-
collagen fibers (black arrows), the wound treated by crosslinked network to accelerate cell migration and
intelligent bandages showed more densely packed collagen proliferation and promote vascularization (Figure 5a–c).

Volume 9 Issue 5 (2023) 177 https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.757