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International Journal of Bioprinting Exosome-based bioink for bioprinting

Figure 6. Bioprinting with exosomes for biomedical applications in bone engineering. (A) Representative fluorescence images of Human umbilical Vein
Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) on scaffolds on day 1. Cells were stained with TRITC–phalloidin (red). Adapted with permission from ref. . Copyright 2021
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Springer Nature Limited. (B) General scheme of engineered exosome-enhanced therapies on osteogenesis and angiogenesis. (a) 3D-printed porous PCL scaffolds
were modified with 1,6-hexanediamine to generate the amino group on PCL scaffolds that were subsequently modified with the exosomal anchor peptide CP05.
(b) Engineered exosomes were fabricated by encapsulating the VEGF plasmid DNA into ATDC5-derived exosomes. The well-designed bone scaffolds were
constructed by combining the engineered exosomes with the CP05-modified 3D-printed scaffolds, and eventually implanted into a rat radial defect model to
promote osteogenesis (c) and angiogenesis (d). Adapted with permission from ref. . Copyright 2021 Ivyspring International Publisher. (C) Live/dead assay
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of human bone marrow stem cells (hBMSCs) co-cultured with different scaffolds for 3 days. The cells were stained with fluorescein diacetate (FDA, green) and
propidium iodide (PI, red) and were examined by confocal microscopy. Green indicated living cells, and dead cells were labeled as red fluorescence. Group a
= control, group b = PLA scaffold, group c = PLA-Exo scaffold. Adapted with permission from ref. . Copyright 2022 BioMed Central Ltd., part of Springer
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Nature. (D) Schematic illustration of the one-step operation system for facilitating osteochondral defect regeneration. Adapted with permission from ref. .
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Copyright 2019 Ivyspring International Publisher. (E) Effect of different scaffolds on bone regeneration. (i) Van Gieson staining results in the different
groups at 6 and 12 weeks. (ii) Quantitative analysis of BV/TV in the different groups [36-40] . Adapted with permission from ref . Copyright 2020 Elsevier LTD.
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Volume 9 Issue 6 (2023) 117 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.0114