Page 198 - IJB-9-6

International Journal of Bioprinting Attractiveness of 4D printing in medical field

(TWSME; also known as reversible shape memory), The query was built to gather documents of type
and pseudo elasticity . Other mechanisms of action “article” published between January 1, 2017, and May 9,
[30]
are: (i) asymmetrical swelling for moisture stimuli; 2023, as follows:
(ii) temperature-induced changes in material
crystallinity, swelling, and hydrophobicity for (TITLE-ABS-KEY ((((“4D” OR “four-dimensional”
temperature stimuli; (iii) pH-dependent variation OR “4-dimensional”) W/0 (print* OR bioprint* OR
in electrostatic interaction for pH stimuli; and (iv) biofabricat* OR fabricat* OR tech* OR product*) OR
magneto-thermal effect for electrical/magnetic (“additive” W/0 manufact*)) OR ((“smart” OR “intelligent”
stimuli . OR “shape-memory” OR “shape-change” OR “responsive”
[10]
OR “elastomer” OR “hydrogel” OR “multi” OR *composite)
These five design factors have a determinant effect on W/0 (material* OR biomaterial* OR bioink*) AND 4D))
4D printing particularly for providing new solutions to AND (*medic* OR health* OR pharma* OR “drug” OR
health. Therefore, this study explores the technological “organ” OR “bone” OR “tissue” OR “implant” OR “scaffold”
advances of 4D printing in the medical field as well as its OR cardi* OR “vascular” OR “stent” OR biocompat*)))
applications. AND (LIMIT-TO ( DOCTYPE,”ar”)) AND (LIMIT-TO
(PUBYEAR, 2023) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2022) OR
3. Methodology LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2021) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR,
This research is based on the eight-step CTI iterative 2020) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2019) OR LIMIT-TO
methodology proposed by Rodriguez-Salvador and (PUBYEAR, 2018) OR LIMIT-TO (PUBYEAR, 2017)).
Castillo-Valdez (2021) : (i) Process planning; (ii) In the data collection step, the query was introduced
[8]
identification of data sources; (iii) search strategy design; into the Scopus database, obtaining a total of 358 papers,
(iv) data collection; (v) information analysis; (vi) feedback which were manually examined to refine the results
from experts; (vii) validation and delivery of results; and according to the following criteria: (i) review articles
(viii) decision making. were not considered in this research, (ii) articles must be
The process planning step involves setting the in the English language, and (iii) topic must be related
research topic, objective, participants, due dates, and key to printing methods, materials, mathematical models,
assignments to complete the research. In this respect, the interaction mechanisms, or application of 4D printing
objective is the identification of technology advances of in the medical field. After an extensive examination, 178
4D printing in medical field in terms of its applications papers were found suitable for the analysis, which were
and design factors, such as materials, printing methods, manually classified according to the five design factors
mathematical models, and interaction mechanisms. described above: (i) printing methods, (ii) external
stimuli, (iii) materials, (iv) mathematical models,
In the data source identification step, primary and and (v) interaction mechanisms. After a preliminary
secondary sources were defined. For the primary sources, review of the documents obtained, the factor “external
experts in 4D printing technology with a focus on the stimuli” was discarded as a category since this element
medical field were selected according to their number of was already included in the materials and applications
publications and citations. Also, experts in the field of CTI categories.
were contacted. For the secondary sources, the Scopus
database was selected to gather scientific publications. In the information analysis step, raw data were
It is a highly reliable database, which covers more than converted into valuable and actionable intelligence for the
[32]
240 disciplines, over 1.8 billion cited references, and 17.5 user . To accomplish this, it is important to combine the
million open-access items . use of the automated analytical tools of databases used,
[31]
in this case Scopus, with a manual examination based on
The search strategy design step concerns the own expertise as intelligence analysts and supported with
establishment of a method to collect the required data the expert’s view in the field of study. The analysis usually
for the analysis. For this, a query was created to gather begins with a meticulous review of the collected data.
scientific papers from the Scopus database. To improve One method used to conduct the analysis is the 5W+H
the data collection and narrow down the search to the technique to identify “what?” (to compare, develop, create,
defined scope, relevant terms related to 4D printing incorporate), “how?” (resource management), “when?”,
were detected after a state-of-the-art review. These were “where?” (university or country), “why?”, and “with
organized and classified as follows: (i) terms related to whom?” (collaborations) of the documents gathered . An
[8]
4D printing, (ii) materials, and (iii) those referring to the analysis was performed to obtain the publication trends of
medical field. design factors and applications.

Volume 9 Issue 6 (2023) 190 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.1112