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International Journal of Bioprinting Multi-Cellular tissues/organoids manufacturing strategies

Figure 6. The schematic of BioMicroMesh method (BMMm). (A) Different types of cell-aggregate spheroids (CAS). (B) Auxiliary devices, such as
temperature monitoring sensors and oxygen delivery pipelines. (C) BioMicroMesh template. (D) Use heterogeneous cells to form micromesh patterns of
different shapes. (E) Organoid models are composed of heterogeneous cells. (F) The micromesh template is degraded to obtain a complete organoid model.
(G) Observe the organoid model from the perspective of a half-sectional view.
scaffold-free strategy. In addition, this method overcomes allowing for the robust study of the influence of these
the disadvantages of biosystem technology: aggregate and other factors on spontaneous cell self-organization
spheroids cannot be accurately located in 3D space, into organoids. The development of bioprinting-assisted
heterogeneous aggregate spheroids assembly is complex, tissue emergence technology has shown that sophisticated
and the process of making large-scale organoid models is printing methods are not necessary to define spatial
complicated. 3D bioprinting technology is used to make control over cell aggregate spheroid deposition. Instead,
the template required for BMMm, which has holes for identifying and designing appropriate conditions between
placing the spheroids, protruding structures for fixing the developing organoids and the surrounding environment
position of the spheroids, channels for placing auxiliary allows for post-print remodeling and self-organization of
equipment, and outer borders for assembling each other. printed cells to create geometrically complex final tissue
Specific template shapes, sizes, holes, and passage positions structures. Bioprinting is best suited as a tool in a design
can all be individually designed. Different types of cells are strategy to define initial conditions and create an enabling
placed in different positions, and complex heterogeneous environment for naturally programmed organoid building
cell organoid models can be manufactured through the blocks and their supporting cells to self-organize into a
[12]
automation of the manipulator. particular tissue or organ .
Equipment is essential for the physical embodiment of
4.3. Automation equipment development biofabrication technology. While biofabrication strategy
perspective guides multi-cellular tissue or organoid manufacturing,
The slow development of biofabrication equipment has the equipment provides the necessary physical carriers for
hindered the translation of cutting-edge research results into the realization of technical processes. The development of
market and clinical applications. A comprehensive analysis equipment is crucial for promoting technology and large-
of existing achievements and technological development scale production of physical entities necessary for organoid
trends can help bridge the gap between laboratory research manufacturing. Many tissue engineering construction
outcomes and large-scale utilization [107] . Such an approach strategies have been invested in clinical translation and have
takes into account both cutting-edge research results and even begun to be marketed. Tissue or organ models built
the actual market and clinical application needs. using biofabrication strategies for tissue engineering can be
Bioprinters are essential for precise control of used in drug testing and poison testing in the future, which
experimental variables, including cell density, initial tissue will involve high reproducibility, high efficiency, low error,
geometry, and cell population proximity and localization, and low cost of biological tissue or organoid manufacturing,

Volume 9 Issue 6 (2023) 213 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.0135