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International Journal of Bioprinting                     Multi-Cellular tissues/organoids manufacturing strategies




            The scaffold-free strategy, on the other hand, is better at   2.   Lancaster MA, Knoblich JA, 2014, Organogenesis in a
            assembling complex structures and MTOs but requires   dish: Modeling development and disease using organoid
            accurate space positioning of cell aggregate spheroids.   technologies. Science, 345(6194): 1247125.
            Integrating both strategies could address the challenges in   https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1247125
            organoid biofabrication. This review also introduces the   3.   Clevers H, 2016, Modeling development and disease with
            BMMm, which aims to achieve a patterned arrangement   organoids. Cell, 165(7): 1586–1597.
            of heterogeneous cell aggregate spheroids in space to
            build larger-scale tissue or organoids with complex   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.082
            structures. The BMMs is being developed as an intelligent   4.   Meran L, Tullie L, Eaton S, et al., 2022, Bioengineering human
            biofabrication device tailored to the BMMm. It combines   intestinal mucosal grafts using patient-derived organoids,
            3D bioprinting and bioassembly technology to allow for   fibroblasts and scaffolds. Nat Protoc, 18(1): 108–135.
            fully automated fabrication of tissue or organoid models.   https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-022-00751-1
            The BMMs are expected to enable a compact desktop   5.   Carosio S, Barberi L, Rizzuto E, et al., 2013, Generation of
            design and facilitate the manufacturing process of tissue   ex vivo-vascularized muscle engineered tissue (X-MET).
            or organoid models with automation, intelligence, process   Sci Rep, 3(1): 1–9.
            orientation, and high precision. The BMMm and BMMs
            aim to improve the high reproducibility of research results,   https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01420
            facilitate the mass production of organoid models, and   6.   Kratochvil MJ, Seymour AJ, Li TL, et al., 2019, Engineered
            improve medical efficiency.                           materials for organoid systems. Nat Rev Mater, 4(9): 606–622.
                                                                  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-019-0129-9
            Acknowledgments
                                                               7.   Hofer M, Lutolf MP, 2021, Engineering organoids. Nat Rev
            None.                                                 Mater, 6(5): 402–420.
            Funding                                               https://doi.org/10.1038/s41578-021-00279-y
                                                               8.   Groll J, Boland T, Blunk T,  et al., 2016, Biofabrication:
            None.                                                 Reappraising the definition of an evolving field.
                                                                  Biofabrication, 8(1): 013001.
            Conflict of interest
                                                                  https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/8/1/013001
            The authors declare no conflict of interest.
                                                               9.   Heinrich MA, Liu W, Jimenez A, et al., 2019, 3D-Bioprinting:
            Author contributions                                  From benches to translational applications.  Small, 15(23):
                                                                  1805510.
            Conceptualization: Haoyu Li, Huixing Zhou             https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201970126
            Investigation: Haoyu Li, Huixing Zhou
            Writing – original draft: Haoyu Li, Huixing Zhou   10.  Moroni L, Burdick JA, Highley C, et al., 2018, Biofabrication
            Writing – review & editing: Huixing Zhou, Chongwen Xu,   strategies for 3D in vitro models and regenerative medicine.
                                                                  Nat Rev Mater, 36(4): 21–37.
               Yen Wei, Xiuying Tang
                                                               11.  Martin I, Malda J, Rivron NC, 2019, Organs by design:
            Ethics approval and consent to participate            Can bioprinting meet self-organization? Curr Opin Organ
                                                                  Transplant, 24(5): 562–567.
            Not applicable.
                                                                  https://doi.org/10.1097/MOT.0000000000000679
            Consent for publication                            12.  Kačarević Ž, Rider P, Alkildani S,  et al., 2018, An

            Not applicable.                                       introduction to 3D-bioprinting: Possibilities, challenges and
                                                                  future aspects. Materials, 11(11): 2199.
            Availability of data                                  https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11112199
            Not applicable.                                    13.  Ahn CB, Lee J-H, Kim JH, et al., 2022, Development of a 3D
                                                                  subcutaneous construct containing insulin-producing beta
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            Volume 9 Issue 6 (2023)                        215                        https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.0135
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