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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D printing and bioprinting in urology

(micro-CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Then,
the 3D digital model of the target object is obtained by
Publications 105,891 531 reconstruction, design, and repair using computer-aided
design (CAD) software and exported in STL or IGES file
73
format for subsequent 3D printing. Next, the appropriate
3D printer and printing materials are selected based on the
OR “adrenal gland” ) ) OR ( AB = ( urology OR nephrology OR prostate OR kidney OR ureter OR bladder OR urethra OR penile OR penis OR “adrenal
urethra OR penile OR penis OR “adrenal gland” ) ) OR ( AB = ( urology OR nephrology OR prostate OR kidney OR ureter OR bladder OR urethra OR
“biofabricat*” OR “bioplott*” ) AND ( ( TI = ( urology OR nephrology OR prostate OR kidney OR ureter OR bladder OR urethra OR penile OR penis
writing” OR “bioprint*” OR “biofabricat*” OR “bioplott*” ) AND ( ( TI = ( urology OR nephrology OR prostate OR kidney OR ureter OR bladder OR
part’s purpose and processing accuracy. Finally, the digital
TS=( ( ( “3D” OR “3-D” OR “three dimensional” OR “3-dimensional” ) AND ( “bioprint*” OR “biofabricat*” OR “biomanufactur*” ) ) OR “direct ink
model is imported into the 3D printer for fabrication. It
bed fusion” OR “binder jetting” OR “mate-rial extrusion” OR “direct ink writing” OR “material jetting” OR “rapid prototype*” OR “bioprint*” OR
bed fusion” OR “binder jetting” OR “mate-rial extrusion” OR “direct ink writing” OR “material jetting” OR “rapid prototype*” OR “bioprint*” OR
manufacturing” OR “stereolithography” OR “fused deposition modeling” OR “selective laser sintering” OR “selective laser melting” OR “powder
manufacturing” OR “stereolithography” OR “fused deposition modeling” OR “selective laser sintering” OR “selective laser melting” OR “powder
is important to note that some printing methods require
post-processing for printed samples. 3D printing can be
TS=( ( ( “3D” OR “3-D” OR “three dimensional” OR “3-dimensional” ) AND ( “print*” OR “fabricat*” OR “manufactur*” ) ) OR “additive
TS=( ( ( “3D” OR “3-D” OR “three dimensional” OR “3-dimensional” ) AND ( “print*” OR “fabricat*” OR “manufactur*” ) ) OR “additive
divided into different categories according to its working
principle and applicable materials, mainly including
stereolithography (SLA) [19-21] , DLP [2,11,22] , FDM [11,23,24] , direct
ink writing (DIW) [25-31] (through which the printed material
is a series of lines or droplets), material jetting (MJ) ,
[32]
binder jetting (BJ) [33-35] , selective laser sintering (SLS) [36,37] ,
and selective laser melting (SLM) [38-41] (Figure 5). The
characteristics, materials, advantages, and disadvantages
penile OR penis OR “adrenal gland” ) ) ) AND DOP=(2013-01-01/2022-12-31) AND DT==("ARTICLE")
of these different types of 3D printing technologies are
demonstrated in Table 2.
Booleans: AND, OR, and NOT; TS = topic subject; TI = title; AB = abstract; DOP = publication date; DT = document types.
“biofabricat*” OR “bioplott*” ) AND DOP=(2013-01-01/2022-12-31) AND DT==("ARTICLE")
In detail, SLA technology uses an oscillating mirror system
to control the ultraviolet (UV) laser (355 nm or 405 nm)
spot scanning crosslinking to achieve the curing of resin
materials, which has better mechanical properties but less
applicable materials, poor processing accuracy, and slow
gland” ) ) ) AND DOP=(2013-01-01/2022-12-31) AND DT==("ARTICLE")
processing speed (Figure 5A). Moreover, the incomplete
crosslinked resin is toxic, which is a shortcoming. Based on
SLA technology, scientists developed a DLP system based on
a digital mirror device and photosensitive polymers liquid,
which has high precision and fast fabrication (Figure 5B).
Moreover, with the rapid development of DLP, it is able to
perform biofabrication of organs and tissues, such as heart
Table 1. The search strategies used in this paper and their details
and blood vessels, for potential future applications. In
contrast to the previous two 3D printing technologies that
employ liquids, FDM technology, one of the most widely
used 3D printing technologies, utilizes solid polymer
wire as the raw material (e.g., polylactic acid [PLA],
acrylonitrile butadiene styrene [ABS], poly-ε-caprolactone
[PCL]), which is melted by heating and then stacked
layer by layer to build 3D-printed samples (Figure 5C).
The common heating temperature of this technology is
Query preview PCL, which has been approved by the US Food and Drug
50–280°C, which can generally melt most of the polymers.
Administration (FDA), is used in tissue engineering areas
including bone tissue engineering and meniscal tissue
engineering. Although this technology is widely used in
crafts, polymer parts, tissue engineering scaffolds, etc., its
“3D printing” (#1) “3D printing” AND “urology” (#2) “3D bioprinting” AND “urology” (#3) biggest limitation is that it cannot be bioprinted because of
its high-temperature molten heating process, which is fatal
to cells. DIW technology (Figure 5D) has a great advantage
Strategy in bioprinting because of its technical simplicity and the
wide range of available ink materials, such as hydrogel,

Volume 9 Issue 6 (2023) 327 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.0969