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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D printing and bioprinting in urology

Ref. [19-21] [2,11,22] [11,23,24] [25-31] [32] [33-35] [36,37] [38-41]

Toxic, trouble cleaning, less applicable materials, poor processing accuracy Limited materials available Organic reagents or high temperature Low mechanical strength and low High temperature, complex process, High temperature, complex process,

Disadvantage High temperature Low mechanical strength resolution and high cost and high cost

High mechanical properties, high resolution, and the ability to process large sizes High mechanical properties, high resolution, faster processing speed, and bioprinting High mechanical properties and the ability to A wide range of available materials, room temperature, and bioprinting A wide range of available materials Sintering of powder billets with various High mechanical properties and metallic
Table 2. A summary of the characteristics, materials, advantages, and disadvantages of various 3D printing technologies

Advantage process large sizes High resolution materials materials Abbreviations: BJ, binder jetting; DIW, direct ink writing; DLP, digital light processing; FDM, fused deposition modeling; GelMA, gelatin methacryloyl; MJ, material jetting; SLA, stereolithography;

Photosensitive liquid resin Photosensitive polymer liquid, Polymers or composites Various materials (e.g., Organic solutions and Particles and composites Metal, ceramics, and Metal and composites Figure 6. 3D-printed urological kidney models for enhancing interactions

and surgical simulation. (A) MRI data (i), reconstructed digital model (ii)
Material hydrogel GelMA) polymers composites and 3D-printed sample (iii) of the diseased prostate . Reprinted with
[48]
permission from ref. . Copyright 2021 Elsevier. (B) A kidney with antler-
[48]
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shaped stones . (C) A kidney with Von Hippel–Lindau syndrome .
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(D) A kidney silicone sample for surgical training . Reprinted with
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permission from ref. . Copyright 2019 Elsevier.
UV crosslinking of photosensitive liquid resin to Second-generation light-curing technology based on projector curing of photosensitive materials Wire material is heated at high temperature and Extrusion of viscoelastic materials for stacking Liquid materials (droplets or lines) are sprayed The binder is injected into the powder bed to Sintering powder compacts using a laser as a heat Melting and stacking of metallic materials using 2D flat d
means for simulation is more effective than using only
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can achieve better understanding than the current gold-
standard multi-disciplinary team meetings (MDT)
sessions, providing medical students and clinicians with
better guidance on surgical positioning .
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Further, researchers have conducted 3D printing of
Characteristic solid by laser beam then extruded and molding and stacked. bond the pellets into shape source laser as a heat source SLM, selective laser melting; SLS, selective laser sintering. kidneys to facilitate doctor–patient communication and
clinical teaching . Researchers from the University of
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California Irvine (USA) printed kidney samples with antler-
shaped stones for preoperative planning (Figure 6B) .
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Method SLA DLP FDM DIW MJ BJ SLS SLM Researchers from Camargo Cancer Center (Brazil) printed
diseased kidneys for doctor–patient communication and
preoperative planning (Figure 6C) . 3D printing offers
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Volume 9 Issue 6 (2023) 331 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.0969