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International Journal of Bioprinting Osteogenic, antibacterial CpTi-MgOCu implants

Figure 3. Histology images of in vivo bone sections of a rat distal femur model after 6 weeks of surgical implantation. A feature legend for each stain
representing particular features is presented. The implant area is denoted by triangles in each histology image. (a) Gomori’s trichrome stain represents
the growth of muscle fibers and collagen formation at the bone-implant contact (BIC). Visible gaps were observed at the BIC for CpTi, indicating poor
osseointegration performance. Similar gaps at the BIC for CpTi-MgO were filled with mineralization fronts. Muscle fiber interwoven with collagen
formation apposed directly to the implant surface was observed for CpTi-MgO and CpTi-MgO-Cu. (b) Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) stain showing
varying shades of pink, which indicate that bone remodeling is taking place. No inflammatory markers indicating necrosis or neoplasia were observed
at the BIC. Trabecular bone formation apposed to the implant surface was observed in CpTi-MgO with good pore infiltration. CpTi-MgO-Cu showed a
lower degree of trabecular bone at the BIC than CpTi-MgO, indicating delayed osseointegration owing to the presence of Cu. (c) Bone sections stained by
Sanderson’s rapid bone staining (SRBS) showed mineralized bone with well-embedded osteocytes apposed directly to the implant surface with infiltration
into the implant region in CpTi-MgO. In contrast, CpTi showed an osteoid lining at the BIC, indicating delayed osseointegration compared to CpTi-MgO.
Quantitative analysis of mineralized bone formation at the BIC showed four-fold bone formation for CpTi-MgO than CpTi. CpTi-MgO-Cu showed lower
amounts of trabecular bone formation than CpTi-MgO, eliciting delayed osseointegration. Statistical analysis was performed with one-way ANOVA for
mineralized bone formation for n ≥ 7 and α < 0.05. Tukey–Kramer simulations were conducted for pairwise comparison with a P < 0.05 considered to be
significantly different. Mineralized bone formations for CpTi-MgO and CpTi-MgO-Cu were statistically similar and higher than that for CpTi. Low-power
field images for all compositions and stains are presented in Figure S1 (Supplementary File).

Volume 9 Issue 6 (2023) 558 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.1167