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International Journal of Bioprinting Osteogenic, antibacterial CpTi-MgOCu implants

Cu, indicating evidence of cytoplasmic outflow leading CpTi-MgO-Cu demonstrated an excellent ability to inhibit
to eventual disruption of the bacterial cell membrane . infections at the end of the 72 h culture period.
[54]
Higher magnification images (Figure 4b) revealed the
on-contact bacterial killing of S. aureus on the surface of 4. Discussion
CpTi-MgO-Cu, with ruptured cell walls and disruption The volume of orthopedic surgeries has been experiencing
of the cell membrane, resulting in cytoplasm outflow and an exponential rise, with over 7 million orthopedic surgeries
eventual killing of bacterial cells at 48 and 72 h time points. performed in the United States alone [55,56] . According to a

Figure 4. Results of antibacterial studies involving Staphylococcus aureus after 24, 48, and 72 h of culture. (a) Agar plate images after 24 h, and SEM images
at 3000× magnification after 24, 48, and 72 h of culture. Respective bacterial colony counts and corresponding % bacterial viability relative to CpTi as the
negative control are presented. Reduction in planktonic bacteria on the CpTi-MgO-Cu surface was significantly lower than on CpTi at all timepoints due
to the bactericidal effect of Cu. Based on counting on SEM images (n = 4), there was a gradual reduction in % bacterial viability on CpTi-MgO-Cu from
24 to 72 h, with the highest antibacterial efficacy at 72 h. (b) High-magnification SEM images showing the on-contact bacterial killing of S. aureus, which
manifested deflated cell morphology, ruptured cell membrane, and cytoplasm outflow 48 and 72 h after culture.
Volume 9 Issue 6 (2023) 560 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.1167