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International Journal of Bioprinting Review of 3D bioprinted organoids

Table 1. Comparison of properties of bioinks for stem cell bioprinting
Type Bioink Benefits Drawbacks Bioprinting cell types Reference
Polysaccharides Alginate Fast gelation, low cost, good Limited biodegradation Human iPSCs, human neural [18,19]
stability stem cells
Polysaccharides HA Good rheology, high viscosity Poor stability, poor mechanical Adipose-derived stem cells, [20,21]
properties iPSCs
Protein-based Gelatin Good biodegradability, low Inherent low viscosity, poor Human adipose tissue-derived [22,23]
antigenicity, easy to process mechanical properties stem cells (hASCs), umbilical
cord-derived mesenchymal
stem cells, and endothelial cells
Protein-based Silk fibroin Good mechanical properties, Poor printability Human inferior turbinate [24,25]
high elasticity tissue-derived mesenchymal
stem cells (hTMSCs), bone
marrow mesenchymal stem
cells
Protein-based Fibrin Promotes angiogenesis and Poor mechanical properties Human dental pulp stem cells [26-28]
induces cell attachment and (hDPSCs), human amniotic
proliferation fluid stem cells
Protein-based Collagen Rich in RGD sequences, Slow gel rate, poor mechanical hASCs, rat bone marrow- [29-31]
promoting cell attachment properties derived stem cells
dECM-based dECM Provides a natural extracellular Low viscosity, poor mechanical hASCs, hTMSCs [32]
matrix environment for properties, fast degradation
cells rich in cell growth and rate
differentiation factors
Synthetic PEG Customizable and strong Bioinert, not conducive to cell Bone marrow-derived human [33,34]
polymer-based mechanical properties, attachment mesenchymal stem cells
no cytotoxicity or
immunogenicity
Synthetic Pluronic Good printability, Poor biocompatibility, poor Human mesenchymal stem [35]
polymer-based temperature-sensitive gel mechanical properties cells

uniform cell suspension during printing, providing higher programmable viscosity and enzyme-curing properties,
printing resolution and better cell viability. It also proves providing better printability while maintaining higher cell
that oxidized alginate bioinks can effectively regulate viability and promoting the proliferation of hBMSC.
stem cells’ proliferation and diffusion behavior without
affecting printability and structural integrity. Wu et al. Due to excellent biocompatibility and good printability,
proposed that sodium citrate is also an effective method composite bioinks have been widely used in stem cells and
to improve the insufficient degradation of alginate . They organoid bioprinting. Li et al. created a novel type of bioink
[37]
used human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs)/collagen/ called GelMA/alginate/PEGDMA/xanthan gum hydrogel
gelatin/alginate hydrogel as bioinks and bioprinted bioink which can be printed at room temperature, by
using extrusion bioprinting technology. The controlled incorporating PEGDMA and xanthan gum into gelatin
degradation of alginate was also achieved by using a methacrylate (GelMA)/alginate-based hydrogels. Among
culture medium containing sodium citrate, which resulted them, the GelMA provides good biocompatibility and
in the better proliferation and expression ability of specific is helpful for cell adhesion and growth; the fast alginate
marker proteins in the printed HCECs. To eliminate the gelation ensures structural integrity after printing;
inherent low viscosity of gelatin, He et al. used reversible PEGDMA improves mechanical properties; and xanthan
quadruple-hydrogen-bonded ureido-pyrimidinone (UPy) gum is a viscosity enhancer to improve printability . They
[39]
and enzyme-responsive tyramine moieties (Tyr) sequence used hMSCs/GelMA/alginate/PEGDMA/xanthan gum as
to chemically modified gelatin and developed a new type bioinks, combined with extrusion bioprinting technology to
of gelatin bioink Gel-UPy-Tyr . They used human bone print, and the cells still had strong vitality and proliferation
[38]
marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSC)/Gel-UPy- ability after printing. Yu et al. synthesized KEGC bioink
Tyr as bioinks for bioprinting by extrusion bioprinting, from keratin methacrylate (KEMA) and glycol chitosan
demonstrating that Gel-UPy-Tyr has temperature- methacrylate (GCMA), wherein keratin provides biological

Volume 9 Issue 6 (2023) 78 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijb.0112