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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D bioprinting for translational toxicology

3D porous architecture and an integrated heater design. Photopolymerization-based 3D printing, known for its
This innovation reduced response and recovery times high-resolution microstructural fabrication, has opened
to 214 and 222 s, respectively, and achieved a sensitivity new avenues in biosensing applications. Cao et al.
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of 0.087% 1/ppm. Its dual-mode heating mechanism employed stereolithography to construct a paper-based
enhanced gas desorption efficiency, laying the groundwork microfluidic screen-printed electrode integrated with
for the development of wearable respiratory monitoring reduced graphene oxide-tetraethylene pentamine/Prussian
devices, as shown in Figure 6B. Expanding the frontier of blue composite materials, achieving a glucose detection
laser technology, Hecht et al. employed bubble-assisted limit of 25 μM, which is comparable to commercial
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laser-induced forward transfer to achieve submicron-scale glucose meters. This integrated approach, which
patterning of polyimide-based bioinks on nitrocellulose combines microfluidic channels with electrochemical
substrates, as shown in Figure 6C. This approach enabled sensing units, significantly enhances detection efficiency
the fabrication of a multichannel C-reactive protein and supports personalized diabetes management.
detection system while maintaining material integrity Simultaneously, extrusion-based 3D printing has achieved
under high-energy laser exposure, thus offering a robust key breakthroughs in multifunctional sensor integration
manufacturing route for point-of-care diagnostic devices. due to its superior material compatibility. Marzo et al.
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Figure 6. Applications of three-dimensional (3D) printing in biosensor construction. (A) Fabrication of a flexible strain sensor. Process schematic of a
flexible strain sensor with embedded multiwalled carbon nanotubes composite microchannel (MWCNT) network. Adapted with permission from Wang
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et al. (B) Laser direct writing for flexible ammonia gas sensor. (a) Schematic of the laser direct writing process. (b) Photograph of a flexible zigzag sensor
pattern fabricated via laser writing. (c) Real-time response/recovery curves to ammonia concentrations from 75 to 400 ppm. Adapted with permission
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from Wu et al. (C) Blister-actuated laser-induced forward transfer printing for multifunctional paper biosensors. (a) Overview of the printing setup
with typewriter-like receiver movement. (b) Key parameters and stroboscopic imaging of droplet formation at 2.5 μJ. Scale bar: 100 µm. (c) Prototype
of a multichannel lateral flow test fabricated entirely by laser printing. Adapted with permission from Hecht et al. (D) 3D-printed glucose sensor
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and cell-culture assay. (a) Fabrication of carbon black (CB)-polylactic acid (PLA) working electrode and surface coating protocol. (b) Assembly of the
PLA chip platform onto glass using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). (c) Bioprinted sinusoid-mimetic hydrogel (alginate-collagen). Scale bar: 4.5 mm. (d)
Chronoamperometric response of the CB-PLA electrode to glucose (1–100 mM). (e) Glucose measurement in 3D-cultured cells on Day 2. Adapted with
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permission from Lee et al. Copyright © 2023 Wiley-VCH. (E) Electrochemical biosensor for α2-macroglobulin. (a) Schematic of sensor fabrication and
anti-α2-macroglobulin modification and detection. (b) Magnetization hysteresis loops for α2-macroglobulin at 10 ng/mL–100 μg/mL. (c) Specificity assay
against potential interferents. Adapted with permission from Guo et al. 176
Volume 11 Issue 4 (2025) 113 doi: 10.36922/IJB025210209