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International Journal of Bioprinting 3D-printed scaffolds for osteochondral defect

Table 2. Continued...

Scaffold design Strategy Seed cell Manufacturing Mechanical properties In vivo Reference
method model
Cartilage: SF Biochemical Cell-free UV crosslinking CM: 120 kPa (GelMA) Rat 52
Osseous: PEGT/PBT (TGF-β1 + peptide TGF-β1 binding peptides reduce the CM.
mesh + porous silk binding) grafting
Upper: PGS-CS Biochemical Cell-free Extrusion-based Reduced modulus: Rat 53
Bottom: Gelatin (dECM + printing 6.3 ± 0.4 MPa (bilayer hydrogel-exosome),
exosome) 5.7 ± 0.3 MPa (bilayer hydrogel)

Cartilage: TPU + Biochemical eUCB-MSC High-throughput CM: approximately 2 MPa of PEGT-PBT N/A 54
Gel-Alg (thiolated microfluidics- scaffold
Osseous: PLA + HAp heparin / based fabrication
strontium
nanoparticle)
Cartilage: GelMA Biochemical Cell-free Sequential CM: 190 ± 15 kPa (cartilage), 210 ± 20 Rat 55
+ KGN (high (KGN) bioprinting kPa (osseous).
concentration) Interfacial shear strength: 40 kPa.
Osseous: GelMA
+ KGN (low
concentration)
Cartilage: GelMA + Biochemical Murine DLP CM increased with the incorporation of N/A 56
DCM (dECM) osteoblast/ dECM (data not specified)
Osseous: GelMA + chondrogenic
DBM cell precursors
Cartilage: GelMA Biochemical Cell-free Extrusion-based CM: 48.99 ± 15.67 kPa (3% β-TCP- Rabbit 57
+ BP + hUMSCs (phosphate) printing GelMA).
exosome YM: 232.86 ± 12.45 kPa (1% β-TCP),
Osseous: GelMA 306.17 ± 17.82 kPa (3% β-TCP )
+ BP + hUMSCs
exosome + β-TCP
Cartilage: PEGDA Structural Cell-free SLA/ S: 1 MPa (cartilage), 7 MPa (osseous) N/A 58
(1MPa) (geometry/ DLP Porosity: cartilage 81% (cartilage), 68%
Osseous: PEGDA porosity) (osseous)
(7MPa), CM: 11.8 MPa
Bi-phasic: Infill Structural C28/I2 hChon Concurrent CM N/A 59
density 45% and 60% (infill density) printing + FDM 397.24 ± 41.51 MPa (bi-phasic, 45%);
Tri-phasic: Infill 213.75 ± 32.17 MPa (bi-phasic, 60%);
density 30%, 45% 397.24 ± 41.51 MPa (bi-phasic, total);
and 60% 228.98 ± 40.84 MPa (tri-phasic, 30%);
Gradient: Infill 140.56 ± 21.73 MPa (tri-phasic, 45%);
density from 30% 118.99 ± 29.13 MPa (tri-phasic, 60%);
to 60%; smooth 228.98 ± 40.84 MPa (tri-phasic, total).
transition in 7 layers Gradient:177.98 ± 44.78 MPa (total)
4 layers PCL scaffold Structural BMSCs FDM Pore size of four layers: 150, 350, 550, and Rabbit 60
with different pore (pore size) 750 μm
sizes infilled with
cell-laden hydrogel

(Continued....)

Volume 11 Issue 4 (2025) 13 doi: 10.36922/IJB025120100