Page 83 - IJOCTA-15-4

An International Journal of Optimization and Control: Theories & Applications
ISSN: 2146-0957 eISSN: 2146-5703
Vol.15, No.4, pp.625-648 (2025)
https://doi.org/10.36922/IJOCTA025150076

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Advanced frequency control strategy for power systems with high
renewable energy penetration: A battery energy storage system
approach

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1
1
2
Tran Viet Thanh , Le Cao Quyen , Dinh Thanh Viet , Nguyen Huu Hieu , and Le Van Dai 2*
1
Power Systems Department, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology -
University of Da Nang, Da Nang, Vietnam
2
Electric Power System Research Group, Faculty of Electrical Engineering Technology, Industrial
University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam
3
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Dong A University, Da Nang, Vietnam
levandai@iuh.edu.vn, thanh.tv@pecc4.vn, quyen.lc@pecc4.vn, vietdt@donga.edu.vn, nhhieu@dut.udn.vn
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Article History:
Received: April 9, 2025 This study proposes an optimal control strategy for battery energy storage
Revised: June 22, 2025 systems to support frequency regulation in power systems with high renewable
Accepted: July 3, 2025 energy penetration. The algorithm generates a sinusoidal reference signal for
Published Online: August 11, 2025 the pulse-width modulation scheme of the direct current/alternating current
converter, adjusting it based on voltage magnitude and phase set points. The
Keywords: control system integrates multiple loops to manage frequency, voltage, active
Adaptive nonlinear droop control and reactive powers, charge, and current controllers on the d- and q-axes.
Battery energy storage system It limits frequency deviations and improves the rate of change of frequency.
Frequency stability An adaptive nonlinear droop control method, combined with state-of-charge
Rate of change of frequency (SOC) feedback, regulates active power-frequency control to enhance grid sta-
Renewable energy sources bility. The SOC feedback mechanism enables dynamic charge and discharge
State of charge operations, ensuring that frequency remains within operational limits. Simu-
lation results, validated using modified Vietnamese Tay Nguyen 500/220 kV
and IEEE 39-bus systems with DIgSILENT/PowerFactory, show that the pro-
AMS Classification 2010:
posed method outperforms the conventional CBEST model in scenarios involv-
90B23, 90B56
ing sudden generation outages or fluctuating renewable energy output. This
method meets the frequency stability requirements set by the Circular No.
25/2016/TT-BCT of the Vietnamese Ministry of Industry and Trade, ensur-
ing that the system operates within a stable frequency range of 49.5–50.5 Hz
under 120 s and recovers to 49.8–50.2 Hz within 300 s.

1. Introduction coal. With the increasing urgency of addressing
climate change, nations worldwide are transition-
The future of electricity generation lies in renew- ing to renewable energy to protect the environ-
able energy sources (RESs). Among these, solar ment. Over the past decade, wind and solar en-
photovoltaic and wind power are the most signif- ergy have seen substantial growth and are now
icant and promising due to their inexhaustibility, top priorities in energy planning.
cleanliness, and global accessibility. Many coun-
tries are focusing on the rigorous implementation For instance, in 2023, Germany generated
of RES-based output goals, reducing greenhouse around 40% of its electricity from renewable
gas emissions, and decreasing reliance on oil and sources, with wind energy playing a significant
*Corresponding Author
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