Page 103 - IJPS-8-1

International Journal of
Population Studies Fertility by parity in China

Figure 8. TFR and parity-specific TFR in China, Japan, the U.S., Canada, Czechia, 1949–2020
Sources: China: The 1982 Fertility Survey (1949–1981), the 1988 Fertility Survey (1982 – 1987), the 2001 Fertility Surveys (1990–1994), Censuses/ Population Sample Surveys (1989, 1995–1999, 2018–2020),
the 2017 Fertility Survey (2000–2017), and a linear interpolation (1988). Japan, the U.S., Canada, and Czechia: Human Fertility Database.

births and from second to third births would follow the made to adjust estimates of period fertility rate using NBS-
Western patterns, that is, to increase. published births from 2000 to 2020, the study directly used
This study was limited by the lack of reliable sources the face values of data sources in the 1990s. Due to the
of data and was, therefore, unable to estimate the reliable births underreports in the data sources, the fertility might
fertility level since the 1990s. Although efforts had been be under-estimated, especially for fertility of higher orders.

Volume 8 Issue 1 (2022) 97 https://doi.org/10.36922/ijps.v8i1.348