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Innovative Medicines & Omics Antioxidant nanomedicines for therapies

Table 5. Summary of representative antioxidant nanomedicines for the treatment of lung diseases
Antioxidant nanomedicine Reaction type Disease References
SOD and catalase co-delivered nanoparticle Catalytic Pneumonia 296
Polydopamine-coated selenium nanoparticle Multiple Pneumonia 297
Tea nanodot Noncatalytic Pneumonia 298
Zinc hexacyanoferrate nanoparticle Catalytic Pneumonia 299
Carbon monoxide-loading nanoliposome Noncatalytic Pulmonary fibrosis 306
Bilirubin nanoparticle Noncatalytic Pulmonary fibrosis, asthma 313
Abbreviation: SOD: Superoxide dismutase

alleviate the symptoms of hepatic ischemia-reperfusion generation of collagen and leading to liver fibrosis. As the
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injury by ROS scavenging and suppression of Kupffer formed scars gradually replace liver parenchyma cells, liver
cells and monocyte/macrophage cells (Figure 21). The fibrosis finally becomes liver cirrhosis. The antioxidant
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nanoparticle can also inhibit neutrophil recruitment and resveratrol has been used as an antifibrotic drug for treating
infiltration synergistically to mitigate inflammation. liver cirrhosis, but its further therapeutic application is
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limited by poor water solubility, rapid metabolism, and low
8.2. Hepatitis treatment bioavailability. 338
Virus infection of liver can lead to hepatitis such as To solve this issue, recently Hao et al. prepared
hepatitis B. In addition, unhealthy lifestyle such as long- nanomicelles to deliver resveratrol for ameliorating liver
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term alcohol abuse can also result in steatohepatitis. cirrhosis (Figure 23). Cell experiments manifested that
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Hepatitis presents the symptoms of fatigue, anorexia, the nanomedicine could scavenge excessive ROS, reduce
nausea, abdominal distension, and liver pain, affecting collagen accumulation, and inactivate hepatic stellate cells,
the patients’ normal life. It was evidenced that the while animal experiments further demonstrated the anti-
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progression of hepatitis is associated with cell pyroptosis, inflammation and anti-fibrosis effects of the nanomedicine
a new form of programmed cell death characterized by favoring liver cirrhosis treatment. Wang et al. also used
membrane pore formation and pro-inflammatory cytokine polydopamine nanoparticles to alleviate the symptoms of
release. 329,330 ROS overproduction is an upstream event of liver cirrhosis. In vitro and in vivo results demonstrated
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pyroptosis; therefore, scavenging excessive ROS in liver that the antioxidative polydopamine nanoparticles could
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will favor the hepatitis treatment by inhibiting pyroptosis. reduce the deposition of extracellular matrix, thereby
Very recently, Zhang et al. used tannic acid to enable the inhibiting liver fibrosis.
self-assembly of SOD and catalase into nanoparticles for
mitigating hepatitis (Figure 22). Tannic acid enables the Due to the intrinsic passive accumulation properties
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mitochondria-targeting of nanomedicine after lysosomal of nanoparticles in hepatic regions, antioxidant
escape, thereby mitochondrial ROS are scavenged through nanomedicines show high application potentials in
cascade catalytic antioxidation reactions, which will treating liver diseases (Table 6). It is expected that other
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inhibit inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis and reverse liver diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,
hepatitis. The nanomedicine shows a higher efficacy than can also be managed by these nanomedicines.
N-acetylcysteine in two types of hepatitis mouse models,
presenting high feasibility for hepatitis treatment. 9. Ocular disease treatment
Eye is an exclusive organ that receives external light
8.3. Liver cirrhosis treatment and generates visual senses. Photoreceptor cells of eye,
Liver cirrhosis is a dynamic hepatic injury that can be especially retinal pigment epitheliums in retina, have the
triggered by different pathogenic factors, such as obesity, highest rate of oxygen metabolism among any types of cells
alcohol, virus, and autoimmune diseases. These in the body, and the metabolic dysfunction of mitochondria
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pathogenic factors will result in the overproduction of in these photoreceptor cells results in the overproduction
ROS, upregulating the expression of proinflammatory of ROS, continuously triggering oxidative damage on
factors, which further promote ROS generation, forming cells and leading to visual degeneration. 341-343 For treating
a vicious circle. The oxidative stress activates the pro- oxidative stress-related ocular diseases, especially retinal
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fibrosis factor pathway, which activates differentiation of diseases, various antioxidative nanomedicines have been
hepatic stellate cells into myofibroblasts, promoting the developed. 344

Volume 1 Issue 1 (2024) 27 doi: 10.36922/imo.2527