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Innovative Medicines & Omics Antioxidant nanomedicines for therapies

Figure 22. Schematic illustration for the cellular mechanism of superoxide dismutase and catalase codelivered nanomedicine for reversing hepatitis.
Reproduced with permission from Zhang et al. Copyright © 2023, Wiley-VCH.
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posterior segments of eye are only 5% and 1%, respectively,
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representing an important issue to be adressed. It has been
reported that cornea epitheliums prevent the entrance
of nanoparticles with sizes of over 20 nm; therefore,
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ultrasmall nanoparticles of less than 20 nm can be used for
eye drop-based therapy of ocular diseases.
9.1. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
treatment
Macula is an important ocular tissue located at the center
of retina that ensures visual acuity. AMD is now a leading
Figure 23. Schematic illustration for the construction of resveratrol- cause of blindness, which is estimated to affect 288 million
loaded nanomicelle and its application in treating liver cirrhosis. people globally in 2040. Based on the pathological
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Reproduced with permission from Hao et al. Copyright © 2022,
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American Chemical Society. mechanism, AMD can be further classified into dry
(atrophic) and wet (exudative or neovascular) AMD.
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Dry AMD is initiated by intracellular lipofuscinosis and
However, due to various biological barriers in the extracellular drusen accumulation resulting in retinal
eye (such as blood-aqueous barrier and blood-retinal pigment epithelium dysfunction, while wet AMD features
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barrier), 345-347 it is unable to deliver these nanomedicines choroidal neovascularization that leads to ischemia,
to pathological sites through blood circulation. Intravitreal subretinal hemorrhages, retinal pigment epithelium
administration has now been applied for delivering detachment, and fibrotic scars formation. Dry AMD
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therapeutics to lesions directly, 348,349 but suffers from poor is much more prevalent than wet AMD, but wet AMD
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patient compliance, intraocular bleeding, and potential accounts for around 90% of sudden blindness. Both dry
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infection. Recently nanomedicine-based eye drops and wet AMD are associated with macular oxidative stress,
have been developed for ophthalmologic applications, as photoreceptor cells have a high metabolic demand for
especially for treating diseases in the anterior segment of converting incoming light into neurochemical signal,
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eye (e.g., glaucoma). However, through this approach, the during which mitochondrial ROS will be generated.
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accumulation efficiency of nanomedicine in the anterior and Antioxidants, such as N-acetylcysteine, SOD, or Vitamin E,
Volume 1 Issue 1 (2024) 29 doi: 10.36922/imo.2527