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INNOSC Theranostics and
Pharmacological Sciences Estrogen treatment reverse hypertension

4 Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo- State, Nigeria
5 Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo- State, Nigeria
6 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physical Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara- State, Nigeria

1. Introduction effects essentially delay the onset of hypertension in
premenopausal women. However, in post-menopausal
12
Palm oil and soya oil are commonly used in food women, ETD depletion is associated with an increased risk
processing. Palm oil is rich in saturated fatty acids, whereas of hypertension and other CVDs. Furthermore, diets rich
1
13
soybean oil predominantly contains polyunsaturated fatty in SFs have been shown to exacerbate the deleterious effect
acids. Saturated fats (SFs) are generally believed to raise of ETD depletion on blood pressure. 14,15
2
low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) levels and
contribute to atherosclerosis. However, a recent review In this study, we hypothesize that early control of
found that plant-derived SFs, such as those in palm circulating lipids through the administration of ETD and
oil, increase both LDL-c and high-density lipoprotein antihyperlipidemic drugs can prevent the development of
cholesterol (HDL-c), potentially balancing pro-atherogenic oxidized lipid-induced oxidative stress and subsequently
and anti-atherogenic lipids. While dietary advisories reduce the risk of hypertension and coronary artery
2,3
recommend reducing the intake of SFs, the health effects disease.
of these SFs remain controversial and vary across studies. 3
Thermal oxidization of dietary oils, commonly practiced 2. Materials and methods
4
in both homes and industries to enhance palatability, 2.1. Preparation of thermoxidized oil diet
occurs when oils are heated during frying at temperatures Palm oil (Ace, Nigeria) and soya oil (Sunola, Nigeria)
of 180°C or higher. Oxidation occurs due to exposure to were thermally oxidized following the method outlined
moisture and air, producing lipid oxidation products, previously. Five liters of each oil were used to fry 2 kg
5
16
such as peroxides, hydroperoxides, and aldehydes, which of potatoes on a hot plate at 180°C for 20 min, and this
compromise the biochemical and nutritional safety of the process was repeated 5 times. After each frying session,
oil. Lipid peroxidation is implicated in several diseases, the potatoes were removed, and the oil was allowed to
6
including hypertension and coronary heart disease. 7 cool for 5 h. No additional oil was added to maintain the
The loss of estrogen (ETD) after menopause volume, and the 5-h cooling period was consistent across
deprives blood vessels of significant protection, further all cycles. The resulting thermoxidized palm oil (TPO)/
compounding the harmful effects of the highly reactive thermoxidized soya oil (TSO) was then incorporated into
products of thermoxidized oils on the vasculature. This diets (15% w/w) mixed with standard rat chow (Ladokun
can result in a loss of vascular integrity and accelerated Feeds, Nigeria) and formed into pellets.
development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease
(CVD). CVD is an umbrella term for conditions that 2.2. Experimental animals
8,9
entail structural and functional abnormalities of the heart For this study, 60 female Wistar rats, weighing between
and blood vessels. These conditions include coronary 200 and 250 g, were sourced from McTemmy Farms in
artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and acute coronary Ogbomosho, Nigeria. The rats were individually housed in
syndromes such as myocardial infarction, stroke, and cages at the University of Ilorin Central Laboratory animal
peripheral artery disease. CVDs account for the highest house, maintained at a temperature of 27±2°C, with a 12-h
rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. 8,9 light/dark cycle and adequate ventilation. The rats had

Although the incidence of CVD is relatively low in unrestricted access to food and water. Ethical approval for
young women, there is a noticeable increase in risk after the study was granted by the University of Ilorin Ethical
menopause. CVD is the primary cause of illness and Review Committee under approval number UERC/
10
death among women over 50, responsible for around 80% ASN/2021/2038.
10
of fatalities in post-menopausal women. Menopause
is associated with a dramatic rise in blood pressure. 2.3. Ovariectomy and study design
11
Physiologically, estradiol serves a modulatory role in the Rats were anesthetized with a ketamine/xylazine mixture
peripheral nervous system, particularly in the sympathetic (10:1). Incisions were made to access the abdominal cavity.
arm, while also regulating the renin-angiotensin- The fat pad containing the ovary was externalized, and the
aldosterone system and maintaining body mass. These anterior arm of the bifurcated uterus was traced up to the

Volume 7 Issue 4 (2024) 2 doi: 10.36922/itps.3901