Page 12 - ITPS-8-1

INNOSC Theranostics and
Pharmacological Sciences Image-assisted personalized interventions

4.2. Prospective human in the loop and position during the procedure. An intervention, such
augmented DTs as partial gastrectomy, whether performed using open,
The abovementioned human-robot alliance (staff in the laparoscopic, or robotic image-assisted techniques,
loop) related to DT authorizes higher supervision of involves the same surgical duration, with only the
image-guided interventions, thus reducing the threat for • access being different.
A complex procedure involves several compound-
the patient and ensuring a guaranteed outcome for medical interacting components characterized by different
staff. 83-85
phenomena interacting in an interdependent manner,
Furthermore, the commitment of the practices of which is linked to the temporal and spatial behaviors
artificial intelligence (AI) in such medical therapeutics of the involved phenomena. The closer the time
helps in reducing the complexity of data acquirement and constants and the higher the matter local nonlinearities
post-processing in MRI through strategy acceleration and in phenomena, the stronger their interdependence
providing quicker analysis periods with relaxed image and, consequently, the greater the complexity. For
processing. 86,87 AI can also be exploited to perform planned distant time constants and linear matter behaviors,
repeated training duties in image-assisted robotics related this interdependence and related complexity are
to the objective of the present paper. greatly reduced. The concept of complexity is present
93
The procedure can be significantly enhanced through in various natural and artificial occurrences as well
augmented human-robot interactions, advancing the as societal issues.
overall system with augmented reality (AR)-aided robotic • A complex procedure can be modeled mathematically
actions. When combined with MRI, AR can reduce risks in considering its compound-interacting components
complex procedures, such as tissue damage, bleeding, and through the coupling of the equations governing the
post-operative trauma. Moreover, DTs can play a significant different phenomena interacting in an interdependent
role in AR-supported robotic procedures. This allows for manner. The more complex the procedure and its
related phenomena interdependence, the more will
precise identification of the source of the disorder and be the complexity of the coupled model. For stronger
the necessary action, using individual patient modeling phenomena interdependence (near time constants
from deep learning databases. Furthermore, the AR–DT and nonlinear matter behavior), the equations would
combination enhances accuracy in suturing, knotting, and be strongly coupled (solved simultaneously). In the
placement compared to manual operations. 88-92
case of low interdependence (distant time constants
5. Discussion and linear behavior), the equation coupling would be
weak (iterative solution). Furthermore, the solution of
In previous analyses, image-guided interventions have the concerned equations should account for diverse
been comprehensively discussed and illustrated. Different topographies of modeled assemblies, which reflect
necessary concepts or notions have been mentioned and geometrical complexity, variables nonlinear behaviors,
used in these developments, which include complete and interdependence of phenomena. Satisfying such
coupled and reduced models, complexity, and matched characteristics inflicts a local solution in the matter
real–virtual pairs. These aspects are further developed suggesting the practice of discretized 3D methods
(extensions, reflections, or connected matters) and as finite elements (FEM) or comparable methods.
discussed in the following points: More details regarding the types of discretized
• Historically, the concerns related to the minimally elements, domain meshing, methods mixing, and
invasive surgical approach can be summarized as numerical methodology are described elsewhere, 94-103
th
follows. Since the beginning of the 19 century, accompanying appropriate strategies for equations
open surgery through laparotomy was practiced coupling, with more details described elsewhere.
104
until the middle of the 20 century based on the These coupled solutions would faithfully represent
th
argument that “you could see better with open the behavior of the complex procedure. However, they
surgery.” Then, laparoscopic minimally invasive reflect an important computation time and could not
surgery revolutionized the approach to specific areas be suitable for real-time executions.
of the human body by providing an enlarged view • In the case of repetitive or online real-time
through a tiny video camera and light at the end computations, complete coupled models would be
of a thin tool. Robotic image-assisted surgery is a penalizing, and hence reduced models should be used.
successor to laparoscopic surgery, offering significant Reducing a model involves hastening its solution
technological advancements and reducing staff fatigue while debasing its accuracy as slight as possible;
by allowing them to maintain a more comfortable more details are described elsewhere. The trouble
105

Volume 8 Issue 1 (2025) 6 doi: 10.36922/itps.4567