Page 41 - JCBP-2-3

Journal of Clinical and
Basic Psychosomatics Emotions in anophthalmic patients

P < 0.05 and were performed using SPSS analytics software have less severe depressive symptoms. In addition, feeling
v.22.0. comfortable when wearing ocular prosthesis was found
to be negatively associated with the severity of depressive
3. Results symptoms. Participants who had undergone enucleation

3.1. Demographic and ocular prosthesis-related of the right eyes were found to experience more severe
characteristics depressive symptoms compared to those who had their left
eyes enucleated. Participants who had higher satisfaction
We obtained data from 100 participants, of which none with their ocular prosthesis would experience milder
were excluded before data analysis. The mean age of the depressive symptoms.
participants was 32.3, with males constituting more than
half of the sample. All demographic characteristics are Concerning anxiety symptoms, participants who
presented in Table 1. wore ocular prostheses due to trauma or tumor exhibited
more severe anxiety symptoms compared to those due to
Regarding the characteristics related to participants’
ocular prostheses, the majority of the participants congenital conditions or other causes. Participants who
underwent enucleation due to trauma. Hydroxyapatite wore ocular prostheses made of alumina experienced
was the most common chosen ocular prosthesis material. the least anxiety symptoms. In addition, the comfort of
More than half of the participants (63%) reported to feel wearing ocular prosthesis was negatively associated with
general comfort with wearing their ocular prosthesis. All anxiety symptoms.
ocular prosthesis-related characteristics are also shown in 3.5. Results of mediating effects analysis
Table 1.
According to the correlation analysis, bias-corrected
3.2. Depression and anxiety status of patients with percentile bootstrap was used to test the mediating effect
ocular prosthesis of satisfaction of wearing ocular prosthesis between ocular
Based on the cutoff score of the PHQ-9, 49 (49%) prosthesis material and depressive and anxiety symptoms.
participants exhibited no depressive symptoms, while The results showed that 95% confidence intervals were
51 (51%) were found to have mild to moderate depressive −0.03, 0.20 and −0.02, 0.19, indicating that there is no
symptoms. The mean PHQ-9 score was 4.91 ± 1.98. mediating effect of satisfaction between prosthetic eye
Furthermore, 45 (45%) participants displayed no anxiety materials and depressive or anxiety symptoms.
symptoms, while the others exhibited mild to moderate The mediating effect of satisfaction of ocular prosthesis
anxiety symptoms. The mean score for GAD-7 was 4.99 ± wearing was also analyzed between the time of wearing
2.15 (Figures 1 and 2). prosthetic eye and the depressive and anxiety symptoms.
The results are shown in Tables 4 and 5. Direct effect was
3.3. Results of univariate analysis
found between the time of prosthetic eye wearing and
The univariate analysis revealed significant differences depressive symptoms (t = −3.356, P <0.01), but not between
in the PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores across variables such the time of prosthetic eye wearing and anxiety symptoms
as age, household registration, marital status, economic (t = −1.672, P = 0.098). When other variables were
status, material of ocular prosthesis, and the time of and adjusted, there was also neither direct effect between the
the comfort of ocular prosthesis wearing. In addition, time of prosthetic eye wearing and depressive symptoms
PHQ-9 scores differed significantly based on education (t = −1.743, P = 0.085). However, the time of prosthetic eye
level (Table 1). wearing could predict satisfaction of wearing (t = 3.309,

3.4. Results of multivariate analysis P < 0.01), while satisfaction of wearing could also predict
depressive symptoms (t = −6.055, P < 0.001) and anxiety
The results of multivariate analysis using the optimal symptoms (t = −5.561, P < 0.001). Therefore, indirect effect
scale regression model are presented in Tables 2 and 3. was found between the time of prosthetic eye wearing and
The adjusted R for the optimal scale regression analysis depressive and anxiety symptoms through the satisfaction
2
of PHQ-9 was 0.721, and the adjusted R for the optimal of prosthetic eye wearing, which meant satisfaction of
2
scale regression of GAD-7 was 0.704. The results indicated prosthetic eye wearing was a complete mediator. The
that depressive symptoms were negatively correlated with indirect effect size of path 1 (time of prosthetic eye wearing
economic status, while anxiety symptoms were negatively → satisfaction of wearing → depressive symptoms severity)
related to age. was −0.223 −0.37, −0.09. The indirect effect size of path
In regard of ocular prosthesis-related factors, 2 (time of prosthetic eye wearing → satisfaction of wearing
participants who wore the prosthesis for longer time would → anxiety symptom severity) was −0.244 −0.42, −0.09.

Volume 2 Issue 3 (2024) 3 doi: 10.36922/jcbp.1761