Page 64 - JCTR-11-1

Journal of Clinical and
Translational Research Osteoporosis risk factors in diabetics

autoanalyzer (Brea, CA, USA). Thyroid-stimulating Table 1. Comparison of general characters and laboratory
hormone (TSH) and vitamin D levels were evaluated using results between the two genders
a chemiluminescent immunoassay in a Cobas 800e system Parameter Male (n=104; Female P-value
(Basel, Switzerland). Midstream, mid-morning urine 51.2%) (n=99; 48.8%)
samples were also collected, and urine albumin level was BMI (kg/m ) 25.1 (4.3) 26.3 (5.1) 0.075
2
also evaluated using the immunoturbidimetry method
in a Beckman Coulter 5800 autoanalyzer (Brea, CA, WHR 1.0 (0.1) 1.0 (0.1) 0.224
USA); the albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) was calculated Age (years) 64.6 (5.9) 61.6 (7.8) 0.002*
accordingly. Duration of diabetes (years) 9.7 (5.8) 8.2 (6.3) 0.079
HbA1C (%) 7.8 (1.8) 7.5 (1.4) 0.186
2.5. Estimating fracture risk using FRAX
Serum levels (mg/dL)
The Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX ), released by the Calcium 9.6 (0.6) 9.6 (0.6) 0.632
®
WHO in February 2008, is a web-based algorithm (https:// Creatinine 1.1 (0.4) 0.8 (0.2) 0.000*
frax.shef.ac.uk/FRAX/tool.aspx) and was used to calculate
13
the 10-year probability of hip fracture in men and women. Urea 20.8 (11.9) 16.9 (9.7) 0.011*
FRAX uses seven readily available dichotomous clinical Urine ACR (mg/g) 26.43 (17.04) 17.9 (11.08) 0.045a
risk factors (inserted as yes or no into the calculator): prior TSH (mIU/L) 3.2 (1.5) 3.7 (1.7) 0.018*
fragility fracture, parental hip fracture, smoking, systemic Vit D (ng/mL) 33.2 (20.5) 37.4 (22.3) 0.555
glucocorticoid use, excess alcohol intake, rheumatoid FRAX score (%)
arthritis, and other causes of secondary osteoporosis. Other Right hip 1.6 (1.5) 3.0 (4.6) 0.003*
factors included in FRAX are age, sex, and BMI. FRAX Left hip 1.6 (1.6) 3.6 (5.4) 0.001*
can calculate fracture probability with or without femoral
neck BMD to accommodate situations where densitometric Note: Data are presented as mean (standard deviation [SD]), except
“Urine ACR.” Data for “Urine ACR” is presented as median ± standard
assessment is not available. In this study, the femoral error (SE). a The P-value is derived from the Mann–Whitney U-test.
fracture probability was calculated using the BMD. *P<0.05.
Abbreviations: BMI: Body mass index; WHR: Waist-to-hip ratio;
2.6. Statistical analysis ACR: albumin-creatinine ratio; TSH: Thyroid-stimulating hormone;
Vit D: Vitamin D.
SPSS 23.0 software was used for the statistical analysis. All
continuous variables satisfying the normal distribution
were expressed as mean and standard deviation (SD). The
t-test and Mann–Whitney U-test were used to compare the
parameters between two groups, i.e., males and females.
The correlations between the various factors considered
and BMD were performed using the Pearson correlation
coefficient. The statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05.

3. Results
In this study, data from 203 diabetic individuals above
50 years of age were evaluated. Table 1 describes the baseline
characteristics of the participants. 51.2% were male and
48.8% were female. The average age of the participants Figure 1. Distribution of bone mineral density subgroups between males
was 63.13 years, with ages ranging from 50 to 80 years; and females
the majority (47.78%) belonged to the 61–70 years’ age
group. The overall prevalence of osteoporosis was 40.9% In the 50–60 years’ age group, there were 42 women
and osteopenia was 32.5% (not shown). Among males (56%) out of the total 99. Among them, 24 women
and females, the prevalence of osteoporosis was 26% and (57.1%) had osteoporosis (not shown). The proportion
56.5%, respectively, and that of osteopenia was 37.5% and of premenopausal women in them was found to be 33.3%
27.3%, respectively. Females were significantly in higher (not shown).
proportion among low BMD as compared with males
(Figure 1). Figure 2 displays the BMD among different We compared the general anthropometric
age groups; 51.6% of osteoporosis participants were in the measurements and lab reports among males (n = 104) and
71–80 years’ age group. females (n = 99) using the t-test. There was a significant

Volume 11 Issue 1 (2025) 58 doi: 10.36922/jctr.24.00062