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Materials Science in Additive Manufacturing Intense pulsed light sintering of conductive film

technique is observed. As such, a hybrid multi-objective Conflict of interest
optimization approach is proposed to find the optimum
solutions within the operating windows. In the proposed The authors declare no conflict of interest.
methodology, the response surface methodology is used to Author contributions
study the individual effects and their interactions of the main
variables on the sheet resistance and the surface roughness Conceptualization: Guo Liang Goh
of the printed silver film. The conflicting relationship Data curation: Guo Dong Goh
between the sheet resistance and the surface roughness was Funding acquisition: Wai Yee Yeong
ascertained by the RSMs. Then the 2D optimal operating Investigation: Guo Dong Goh
windows were ascertained by a desirability function Methodology: Guo Liang Goh, Haining Zhang
approach to reduce the inherent conflict of the print passes Software: Haining Zhang
of the printed film and the sintering distance of the IPL Supervision: Wai Yee Yeong, Tzyy Haur Chong
sintering process. Thereafter, the derived RSMs and the Writing – original draft: Guo Liang Goh, Guo Dong Goh
corresponding statistical uncertainty were jointly driven Writing – review & editing: Tzyy Haur Chong
with the NSGA-III to methodically optimize the overall References
printing quality in 2D space. The experimental results
demonstrate that the suggested hybrid multi-objective 1. Tan H, Tran T, Chua C, 2016, A review of printed passive
optimization approach was advantageous to reduce electronic components through fully additive manufacturing
the contradiction between the sheet resistance and the methods. Virtual Phys Prototyp, 11: 271–288.
surface roughness, yielding printed films with low surface https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2016.1217586
roughness and low sheet resistance. 2. Saengchairat N, Tran T, Chua CK, 2017, A review: Additive
Comparing to the conventional trial-and-error method, manufacturing for active electronic components. Virtual
the suggested optimization methodology is found to be more Phys Prototyp, 12: 31–46.
efficient and systematic. It should be pointed out, however, https://doi.org/10.1080/17452759.2016.1253181
that the optimal windows will vary significantly depending 3. Fisher G, Seacrist MR, Standley RW, 2012, Silicon crystal
on the types of ink and substrate properties. Nevertheless, growth and wafer technologies. Proc IEEE, 100: 1454–1474.
this work outlined a systematic approach for determining the https://doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2012.2189786
optimal windows for the IPL sintering process of the aerosol
jet printed films that can also be applied when other types 4. Tan HW, An J, Chua CK, et al., 2019, Metallic nanoparticle
of ink or substrate are used. For potential research work, inks for 3D printing of electronics. Adv Electron Mater,
the influence of the number of pulse and pulse duration can 5: 1800831.
be systematically studied for aerosol jet printed silver film. https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201800831
Furthermore, this work outlines effective approaches for 5. Saidina D, Eawwiboonthanakit N, Mariatti M, et al., 2019,
optimizing the electrical property and the surface morphology Recent development of graphene-based ink and other
of the nanoparticle-based film which can potentially allow for conductive material-based inks for flexible electronics.
the homogeneous deposition of material for the subsequent J Electron Mater, 48: 3428–3450.
layers of multi-layered and multi-material electronics such as https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-019-07183-w
an electrochemical electrode with a dielectric passivation layer.
6. Yang W, List-Kratochvil EJ, Wang C, 2019, Metal particle-
Acknowledgments free inks for printed flexible electronics. J Mater Chem C,
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None.
https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc05463d
Funding 7. Bhat KS, Ahmad R, Wang Y, et al., 2016, Low-temperature
sintering of highly conductive silver ink for flexible
This research is supported by the National Research electronics. J Mater Chem C, 4: 8522–8527.
Foundation, Prime Minister’s Office, Singapore under
its Medium-Sized Centre funding scheme and PUB, https://doi.org/10.1039/c6tc02751b
Singapore’s National Water Agency under its Urban 8. Xu Z, Dong Q, Qtieno B, et al., 2016, Real-time in situ
Solutions & Sustainability (Competitive Research sensing of multiple water quality related parameters using
Programme [Water] Scheme, PUB-1804-0075), and the micro-electrode array (MEA) fabricated by inkjet-printing
Key Natural Science Project of Anhui Provincial Education technology (IPT). Sens Actuators B Chem, 237: 1108–1119.
Department (No. KJ2021A1111). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2016.09.040

Volume 1 Issue 2 (2022) 13 http://doi.org/10.18063/msam.v1i2.10