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Materials Science in Additive Manufacturing 3D-printed nozzle for 3D bioprinting

form 3D-bioprinted structures. The results suggest that https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.02.012
HDFn is well suited for the IVZK hydrogel materials 2. Ford S, Minshall T, 2019, Invited review article: Where and
post-printing, as demonstrated by cytotoxicity tests, how 3D printing is used in teaching and education. Addit
which confirms the biocompatibility of the DNC in 3D Manuf, 25: 131–150.
bioprinting. We propose the DNC as a solid alternative to https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2018.10.028
the fabrication of handmade nozzles for 3D bioprinting by
taking full advantage of rapid prototyping and ensuring 3. Shahrubudin N, Lee TC, Ramlan R, 2019, An overview
standardization and reproducibility. on 3D printing technology: Technological, materials, and
applications. Procedia Manuf, 35: 1286–1296.
Acknowledgments https://doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2019.06.089

The authors would like to acknowledge Kowther Kahin 4. Gao W, Zhang Y, Ramanujan D, et al., 2015, The status,
for her dedicated work in nozzle design, which inspired challenges, and future of additive manufacturing in
this work, Noofa Hammad for her technical support on engineering. Comput Aided Des, 69: 65–89.
the robotic 3D bioprinter, and Aris Konstantinidis for his https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cad.2015.04.001
support in conducting the experiments.
5. Avila-Ramírez A, Valle-Pérez AU, Susapto HH, et al., 2021,
Funding Ecologically friendly biofunctional ink for reconstruction of
rigid living systems under wet conditions. Int J Bioprint, 7: 398.
This work was financially supported by King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST). https://doi.org/10.18063/ijb.v7i4.398
6. Albalawi HI, Khan ZN, Valle-Pérez AU, et al., 2021,
Conflicts of interest Sustainable and eco-friendly coral restoration through
3D printing and fabrication. ACS Sustain. Chem Eng,
There are no conflicts of interest to declare.
9: 12634–12645.
Author contributions https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c04148
Conceptualization: Hamed I. Albalawi, Charlotte A. E. 7. Wangpraseurt D, You S, Azam F, et al., 2020, et al. Bionic 3D
Hauser printed corals. Nat Commun, 11: 1748.
Investigation: Hamed I. Albalawi, Zainab N. Khan, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15486-4
Ranim H. Rawas, Alexander U. Valle-Pérez, Sherin 8. Melchels FP, Domingos MA, Klein TJ, et al., 2012, Additive
Abdelrahman manufacturing of tissues and organs. Prog Polym Sci,
Methodology: Hamed I. Albalawi, Zainab N. Khan, Sherin 37: 1079–1104.
Abdelrahman
Writing – original draft: Hamed I. Albalawi, Zainab N. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.11.007
Khan, Ranim H. Rawas, Alexander U. Valle-Pérez 9. Murphy SV, De Coppi P, Atala A, 2019, Opportunities and
Writing – review & editing: Zainab N. Khan, Hamed I. challenges of translational 3D bioprinting. Nat Biomed Eng,
Albalawi, Charlotte A. E. Hauser 4: 370–380.
Ethics approval and consent to participate https://doi.org/10.1038/s41551-019-0471-7
10. Ng WL, Lee JM, Zhou M, et al., 2020, Vat polymerization-
Not applicable. based bioprinting-process, materials, applications and
regulatory challenges. Biofabrication, 12: 022001.
Consent for publication
https://doi.org/10.1088/1758-5090/ab6034
Not applicable.
11. Li W, Mille LS, Robledo JA, et al., 2020, Recent advances
Availability of data in formulating and processing biomaterial inks for vat
polymerization‐based 3D printing. Adv Healthc Mater,
Data related to this work can be acquired by contacting the 9: 2000156.
corresponding author with a reasonable justification.
https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.202000156
References 12. Elomaa L, Gerbeth L, Almalla A, et al., 2023, Bioactive
photocrosslinkable resin solely based on refined decellularized
1. Ngo TD, Kashani A, Imbalzano G, et al., 2018, Additive
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