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Materials Science in Additive Manufacturing MEX optimization printing of rHPDE from milk jugs

5. Conclusion Consent for publication

This study reveals the challenges of using rHDPE filament Not applicable.
material for MEX printing, primarily due to its high
shrinkage characteristics. Although there have been some Availability of data
successful cases of MEX printing using rHDPE filaments, Data are available from the corresponding author on
there are currently no universally reliable methods reasonable request.
available. The primary objective of this study is to gain
deeper insights into the behavior of rHDPE filaments in References
MEX printing, aiming to promote the recycling and use of 1. Andrady AL. Plastics and Environmental Sustainability.
rHDPE filaments in MEX printing. 1 ed. United States: Wiley; 2015.
st
This study establishes the relationship between print doi: 10.1002/9781119009405
bed adhesion, PT, and PBT and identifies an optimal range 2. Singapore Environmental Council. Consumer Plastic and
of PT and PBT. However, the results may not always apply Plastic Resource Ecosystem in Singapore: A Position Paper by
due to the limitations outlined in Section 4.6. Nonetheless, the Singapore Environmental Council; 2018. Available from:
the study’s outcomes have improved the printability of https://sec.org.sg/pdf/reports/new-plastic-economy.pdf
MEX printing filaments made from recycled HDPE milk [Last accessed on 2024 May 24].
jugs from Meiji Co. Furthermore, these filaments can be 3. National Environmental Agency. Sustainable and Resource
used for MEX printing applications that do not necessitate Efficient Singapore, Integrated Sustainability Report 2020/2021.
strict dimensional accuracy, such as in educational or Available from: https://www.nea.gov.sg/committee-of-
environmental awareness contexts. Ultimately, MEX supply-2022/integrated-sustainability-report-2020-2021/
printing is considered a powerful tool for teaching and review-of-fy2020/ensuring-a-clean-and-sustainable-
environment-for-singapore/sustainable-and-resource-
learning.
efficient-singapore [Last accessed on 2024 May 24].
Acknowledgments 4. Mahmud AH. ‘Cannot Sell. So They Burn’: What’s Next
in The Uncertain Future for Plastic Waste in Singapore?;
This project was completed with the support of the 2018. Available from: https://www.channelnewsasia.com/
Singapore Center for 3D Printing at Nanyang Technological news/singapore/china-bans-plastic-wastewhats-next-
University. for-recycling-in-singapore-10281026 [Last accessed on
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Funding
5. National Environmental Agency. Waste Statistics and
This project was funded with the support of Singapore’s Overall Recycling. Available from: https://www.nea.gov.
Economic Development Board Innovation Development sg/our-services/waste-management/waste-statistics-and-
Scheme (grant number: S11-1191-IDS). overall-recycling [Last accessed on 2024 May 24].
6. Tee CH. A historical perspective on industrial production
Conflicts of interest and outlook. In: Patel CD, Chen CH, editors. Digital
Manufacturing - The industrialization of “Art to Part” 3D
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additive Printing. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2022. p. 1-56.
Author contributions doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-95062-6.00009-7

Conceptualization: Soek Po Phillis Teng, Kah Fai Leong 7. Chong S, Chiu HL, Liao YC, Hung ST, Pan GT. Cradle
®
Formal analysis: Hwee Boon Tan, Soek Po Phillis Teng to Cradle design for 3D printing. Chem Eng. 2015;45:
Investigation: Hwee Boon Tan, Chor Hiong Tee 1669-1674.
Methodology: Soek Po Phillis Teng, Hwee Boon Tan, Chor doi: 10.3303/CET1545279
Hiong Tee 8. Chong S, Pan G, Khalid M, Yang T, Hung S, Huang C.
Writing – original draft: Hwee Boon Tan, Soek Po Phillis Physical characterization and pre-assessment of recycled
Teng, Kah Fai Leong high-density polyethylene as 3D printing material. J Polym
Writing – review & editing: Soek Po Phillis Teng, Kah Fai Environ. 2017;25(2):136-145.
Leong. doi: 10.1007/s10924-016-0793-4

Ethics approval and consent to participate 9. Tice P. Packaging Materials 4: Polyethylene for Food
Packaging Applications. ILSI Europe Report Series; 2003.
Not applicable. Available from: https://ilsi.eu/publication/packaging-

Volume 3 Issue 3 (2024) 13 doi: 10.36922/msam.4084